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MIT researchers are mapping extreme weather risks — and building tools to act on them

The Climate Grand Challenges “New World of Weather” project shows how modeling, planning tools, and infrastructure analysis are translating research into real-world resilience.

Warming temperatures are fueling more extreme weather-related events — catastrophic floods, severe hurricanes and cyclones, and wildfires exacerbated by drought. But the tools used by local communities, emergency and public safety agencies, and insurance and risk markets have not kept pace with the up-to-date data and modeling for accurately predicting how these events will evolve.

Addressing that shortcoming was one of five research areas selected for MIT’s 2022 Climate Grand Challenges, an ambitious effort to accelerate science-based solutions to climate problems. The area, titled “Preparing for a New World of Weather and Climate Extremes,” focuses on tools to help evaluate a location’s vulnerabilities to flooding, cyclones, humid heat waves, or other climate-related events.

Four years later, collaborations among more than 40 faculty and student researchers on Weather and Climate Extremes projects have yielded 29 published research papers and digital tools and datasets that are already in use or close to deployment. Individual projects cut across forecasting, risk assessment, on-the-ground planning, and resilient infrastructure.                                               

“Communities across the United States and around the world are already confronting the consequences of extreme weather,” says Evelyn Wang, MIT’s vice president for energy and climate, whose office has been funding and supporting all of the Grand Challenges since 2024. “Through the Climate Grand Challenges, an interdisciplinary team at MIT is advancing the science, technologies, and practical strategies needed to help communities anticipate these risks and build greater resilience.”

Reducing scientific uncertainties

Paul O’Gorman, the Robert R. Shrock Professor of Earth and Planetary Sciences at MIT and co-lead of Weather and Climate Extremes, is refining the science behind forecasting extreme weather events, such as last year’s major flooding events in Central Texas and in Pakistan. “There have been a lot of unprecedented, record-breaking events,” he says, “and we want to understand how they are changing as the climate warms, and how they’re changing in different regions.”

One aspect that his group has been examining is the relationship between extreme rainfall events and a warming climate. Climate models predict that extreme rainfall increases less in summer than other seasons in much of the United States and Europe. O’Gorman’s team found that these seasonal shifts stem from not only how much water is in the atmosphere, which is measured by specific humidity, but also how close it is to saturation, which is measured by relative humidity. “We found that changes in relative humidity played a big role, which was something that hadn’t been appreciated before, and something we need to take into account,” he says. 

Modeling is challenging: Relative humidity depends on air circulation, how fast land warms relative to the ocean, soil moisture, and vegetation. “It’s a complex story, but this helps us understand precipitation patterns,” O’Gorman says.

Kerry Emanuel, MIT professor of atmospheric science who was also a co-lead of Weather and Climate Extremes, is researching better ways to estimate the risks of extreme hurricanes and severe convective storms, such as thunderstorms and tornadoes. “For hurricanes, we’re pretty much there. We can reproduce the statistics of real hurricanes extremely well just using coarse-grained weather data that has no hurricanes in it,” he says. But for severe convective storms, “we’re not close to being there,” and these storms “in the last decade have cost more lives and more damage than hurricanes.” 

Research on the physics of storms is already influencing practice, Kerry notes. For example, a company called First Street uses Kerry’s methods to guide local governments, insurers, developers, and real-estate platforms on environmental risk for every piece of private property in the United States.

Improving resilience

Another phase of the Grand Challenge, led by Miho Mazereeuw, an associate professor in MIT’s Department of Architecture and a leading expert on resilient design, translates the information from scientific modeling and data collection into tools for on-the-ground planners. For example, working with leaders and community members in Boston and Broward County, Florida, the team has developed interactive web-based tools that make it easier to plan for impacts such as flooding over a broad range of scenarios.

“When an extreme event happens, there is a gap between scientific knowledge and actionable public information,” says Aditya Barve, a research scientist in Mazereeuw’s Urban Risk Lab. This happens at various levels — from getting real-time information out to people when they need it to collecting data to enable long-term planning to disseminating those plans to communities. “The idea is to target the gap through tools in community emergency data collection, proactive recovery planning, and AI-assisted tools for at-scale visualization of future climate impacts, so that communities are prepared when something happens.”

The team has worked on making flood modeling outputs usable by a wider range of stakeholders, especially where the need for specialized software or technical expertise can slow decision-making across city departments. “Users can ask practical questions, such as which schools are likely to stay driest across different flood scenarios, and receive answers grounded in flood models and city datasets within seconds,” Barve says.

As for recovery after extreme weather events, Mazereeuw points out that most municipalities have an emergency response plan, but few create a recovery plan that includes housing before the event. But, she says, if communities plan how recovery can lead to a better future for the city, they can better leverage emergency relief funding that becomes available. “In almost all cases, the resources available after a disaster are much larger,” she says. “By having a plan in place, those resources can fit the vision of the place moving forward.”

Optimizing energy infrastructure

Associate Professor Michael Howland is working to analyze the impacts of extreme weather on energy infrastructure with a team that includes Jessika Trancik, a professor in the MIT Institute of Data Systems and Society (IDSS), and Moshe Ben-Akiva, the Edmund K. Turner Professor in Civil Engineering at MIT. The team is particularly looking at impacts on the electrical power system and ways to optimize decisions on the placement and sizing of new energy infrastructure. 

Howland, who is the Jeffrey Cheah Career Development Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at MIT, says electrical power systems are increasingly being altered by two things at the same time: first, the proliferation of renewable energy and storage technologies, and second, large-scale changes in weather and extreme events driven by climate change. “Each of these would independently push our electrical power system potentially outside of what we are used to, and their combined, synergistic impacts could be even larger because they are occurring simultaneously,” he says.

Bringing climate modeling and grid-infrastructure work together has accelerated practical insights into how we can adapt to climate change while simultaneously mitigating it, Howland notes. Such modeling can also help to inform infrastructure decisions in ways that may not be obvious. For example, he says, their optimization model for the siting of power resources in Texas resulted in placing a number of wind power plants along the Gulf Coast. “If you look at an average wind speed map,” he says, “you would say this doesn’t make much sense because it’s really windy in northwest Texas on average, and much less windy along the Gulf Coast.”

But it turns out that the typical daily cycle of winds is complementary, so that wind farms distributed between both locations tend to smooth each other out and to better complement solar power generation, easing burdens on the grid. Now, “we’re trying to take it further not just by smoothing the generation, but actually aligning it with the time- and space-varying electricity demand so that we can reduce storage, transmission, and other backup generation needs,” he says.

This work is ongoing, and the hope is that it will lead to products that can directly help utility grid planners and regulators with actionable information about the siting and sizing of various electrical infrastructure resources, Howland says. “We want to continuously push on model realism and accuracy to eventually make it more of a practical and useful tool for grid planners.”

Emanuel adds that the Weather and Climate Extremes Grand Challenge, and other projects working to pinpoint the kinds of risks that can be expected from a changing climate, have produced a great deal of specific and detailed information that could guide political, economic, and civic decision-making. Applying it in the real world can be a slow — “like steering a supertanker,” he says — but progress will come.

A new chapter for MIT Reads

A new focus on fiction and memoir aims to help the MIT community celebrate the power of storytelling and strengthen social connection.

As it marks its 10-year anniversary, MIT Reads is being reimagined for the age of artificial intelligence. 

Recognizing the need to foster social connection and a sense of our shared humanity, the popular MIT Libraries’ program will turn its focus to fiction and memoir, and to the particular power of stories to help us understand ourselves and our place in the world. 

“At MIT, we spend a great deal of time on imagining and building for the future. Reading fiction prompts us to think about how what we build might change us,” says MIT Libraries Director Chris Bourg. “Reading together also gives us the increasingly rare opportunity for both individual reflection and shared connection.” 

MIT Reads is also evolving with MIT as it explores AI’s influence on the education landscape and the social fabric of the Institute. The value of collective reading, reflection, and discussion has never been more relevant. 

A recently released report from MIT’s Ad Hoc Committee on AI Use in Teaching, Learning, and Research Training urges strengthening social connection and personal well-being, citing MIT Reads as a way to “engage many more people across campus in conversation about shared norms and why community matters.” 

Launched in 2016, MIT Reads was designed to foster empathy, understanding, and belonging within the campus community. Each selected book is accompanied by programming such as talks by the featured author, panel discussions, and small-group conversations facilitated by library staff. 

The program’s reach extends well beyond MIT. Most author events are open to the public and streamed online, and videos of MIT Reads talks have been viewed more than 5,000 times.

To mark this new era of MIT Reads, President Sally Kornbluth has selected the fall 2026 book “Exhalation,” by Ted Chiang. “Exhalation” is a bestselling collection of short stories, named one of The New York Times’ best books of 2019. In it, Chiang creates thought-provoking science fiction scenarios involving robots, time travel, and alternate universes, while exploring timely issues of identity, free will, language, and the impacts of technology. 

“With the stories in his 2019 ‘Exhalation’ collection, Ted Chiang offered an uncanny preview of many issues we’re grappling with now concerning technology, particularly the relationship between humans and artificial intelligence,” says Kornbluth. “He raises deep questions about the future that humans and machines will share and offers provocative ideas and possibilities. I’m delighted that MIT Reads will give us the opportunity to explore his work together.”

“MIT is not alone in grappling with these big questions around technology and its relationship with humanity,” adds Bourg. “These questions call for a much wider discussion, and we invite readers everywhere to join us.”

In addition to its discussion as part of MIT Reads, students in the first-year advising seminar 21.A01 (Reading Great Books with Compass) will be reading “Exhalation” this fall; the class is part of the Compass initiative designed by faculty from across the School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences and supported by the MIT Human Insight Collaborative.

A new understanding of how enzymes influence bacterial protein production

Novel research expands scientific understanding of how RNA shapes the reading of genetic information.

Antimicrobial resistance is one of the most pressing global health and development challenges of our time. Bacteria and other pathogens are rapidly developing resistance to existing treatments, making infections harder to treat. Without new approaches, minor inconveniences today, such as routine surgeries or even a paper cut, could become life-threatening tomorrow. 

Now, an international group of scientists reports the discovery of aminovaleramididine synthetase (AvaS), the first identified pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzyme responsible for producing a chemical modification linked to how bacteria respond to metabolic stress. This discovery sheds new light on how bacteria use RNA modification to control protein production, opening new avenues to study bacterial adaptation and identify future targets and better strategies for developing antimicrobial therapeutics. 

The work was led by researchers from the Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology’s Antimicrobial Resistance interdisciplinary research group (SMART AMR), alongside collaborators from MIT, Nanyang Technological University in Singapore, and institutions in the United States, Poland, and France.

“While many RNA modifications have been known for decades, researchers are still uncovering the full extent of their roles. The discovery of AvaS opens a previously unknown chapter in RNA biology and is an important step forward in our understanding of processes relevant to antimicrobial resistance,” says Professor Peter Dedon, co-lead principal investigator at SMART AMR, professor of biological engineering at MIT, and co-corresponding author of a new paper on the work. “As we continue to map the RNA modification landscape, we expect many more discoveries with meaningful implications for infectious disease, antimicrobial resistance, and fundamental biology.”

Bacteria can develop resistance to antibiotics using various strategies, many of which depend on the bacteria’s ability to regulate which proteins are made, when they are made, and how accurately they are produced — whether by pumping drugs out of their cell, creating enzymes that break down drugs, or developing new cell processes to avoid the antibiotics’ target.

To build these proteins, bacteria rely on RNA molecules to read genetic instructions and direct protein production. Among these RNA molecules are transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNAs), a specialized class of RNA that acts as molecular delivery vehicles bringing chemical “stickers” to help bacteria control how proteins are made in response to stress and changing conditions such as exposure to antibiotics.

In the open-access paper, “Pyridoxal phosphate-dependent biosynthesis of aminovaleramide by AvaS in tRNA,” published Sept. 9 in Nature Chemical Biology, the researchers described their discovery of the new enzyme and identified it as being responsible for creating a tRNA chemical modification known as aminovaleramide cytidine (ava²C) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a harmful bacterium responsible for a range of serious human infections such as pneumonia and sepsis. While ava²C had previously been detected in several bacteria and plants, the enzyme responsible for producing this modification was previously unknown.

Using SMART AMR’s high-throughput liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based RNA modification profiling platform, the team systematically screened thousands of P. aeruginosa mutants and discovered AvaS. The researchers also confirmed the presence of ava²C in other organisms, including the bacteria Acinetobacter baumannii and Vibrio cholerae, as well as the plant Arabidopsis thaliana.

The research revealed that AvaS uses PLP, a vitamin B6 derivative, to convert a known modification, lysidine (k²C), into ava²C; marking the first time that a PLP-dependent enzyme has been linked to tRNA modification. Traditionally, PLP-dependent enzymes have only been associated with amino acid metabolism and related biochemical pathways. 

The research findings revealed a few important insights about PLP-dependent enzymes. First, the discovery establishes PLP-dependent enzymes as a previously unrecognized class of tRNA-modifying enzymes, expanding the known chemical mechanisms, such as methylation, thiolation, and isomerisation, that bacteria use to regulate protein production. Second, it reveals an entirely new biological function of PLP-dependent enzymes, demonstrating that they can directly modify tRNA in addition to their well-established roles in metabolic processes.

The research also found that ava²C changes how bacteria read genetic codes, enabling the bacteria to produce protein faster and more efficiently while helping them adapt to metabolic and oxidative stress.

“Our discovery has revealed, for the first time, that PLP-dependent enzymes can directly modify tRNA, expanding our knowledge and understanding of RNA-modifying chemistry,” says Jingjing Sun, research scientist at SMART AMR, first author, and co-corresponding author of the paper. “This opens up new avenues for studying bacterial adaptation and developing new and more effective strategies to overcome drug-resistant bacteria.”

Building on this discovery, the SMART AMR team plans to investigate how ava²C affects bacterial stress responses and metabolism and explore how the modification can be disrupted or prevented. Understanding this process could uncover new ways to fight harmful bacteria and develop future antimicrobial therapeutics. With ava²C also being observed in plants, future studies could explore whether other living organisms use similar biological tools to produce certain chemical modifications and how ava²C influences the way proteins are built beyond bacteria.

More broadly, this work highlights the strength of SMART AMR’s first-of-its-kind epitranscriptomics platform as a powerful engine in discovering more unknown RNA-modifying enzymes at scale. This capability could also support biotechnology and pharmaceutical researchers in finding new drug targets and developing better treatments, particularly as bacteria continue to develop resistance against existing drug treatments.

The research conducted at SMART is supported by the National Research Foundation Singapore under its Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise program.

Fueling a return journey from Mars

PhD candidate Lanie McKinney is building technology to convert the Red Planet’s atmosphere into propellant for bringing astronauts home.

When Lanie McKinney was 3 years old, her parents stopped at a massive meteor crater during a road trip through the U.S. Southwest. As they prepared to leave, McKinney began to protest.

“I want to wait here for the next one,” she told them.

She didn’t yet understand that another meteor wasn’t likely to land in exactly the same spot. But the story, which her parents still tell, captures a fascination that has remained with McKinney throughout her life.

“I just always remember being captivated by space and what is out there,” she says.

Today, McKinney is entering her fifth year as a PhD candidate at MIT, where she works in the Aerospace Plasma Group with Esther and Harold E. Edgerton Associate Professor Carmen Guerra-Garcia. McKinney’s research focuses on developing technologies that could help humans explore Mars.

One of the challenges of sending humans to the Red Planet is figuring out how to supply them once they arrive — including how to enable their journey back home. Rather than transporting everything from Earth, McKinney is interested in using the resources already available on the planet, a concept known as in-situ resource utilization, or ISRU.

“If we don’t build gas stations on Mars, it will be very difficult to get humans back to Earth,” she says. “We’re going to need some way to produce the propellant on site.”

McKinney’s research uses cold plasma to convert carbon dioxide, which is abundant in the martian atmosphere, into oxygen and carbon monoxide, a technology that could eventually be used to produce life support and propellant on Mars. 

An Oklahoma native, McKinney earned her bachelor’s at the University of Tulsa, where she studied physics and applied mathematics. She had initially expected to pursue astrophysics, but a summer research internship at the University of Colorado at Boulder introduced her to plasma physics through a project involving dusty plasmas in the lunar environment. 

“I thought it was an incredibly interesting problem,” she says. 

At MIT, McKinney has developed a small reactor that can convert carbon dioxide into oxygen and other products. The challenge now is separating out the oxygen before it recombines.

“We can actually perform the conversion step really well,” she says. “But what happens in a plasma is we convert it, and then we get a mixture that needs to be separated.”

Her current work pairs the plasma reactor with an oxygen-selective membrane designed to extract oxygen rapidly. The integration process isn’t well-understood, leaving McKinney and her colleagues with questions about how the reactive plasma environment will affect the membrane.

“We are not entirely sure what we will see,” she says.

For McKinney, the possibility of connecting laboratory experiments to future human missions is what makes the work particularly rewarding.

“I get to work in a really cool lab and develop exciting experiments,” she says. “I get ownership over an entire experimental system, and then I get to connect that to performance requirements for a future Mars system. That’s just the dream.” 

That same philosophy has shaped McKinney’s work beyond her thesis. Through MIT’s Space Resources Workshop, she has participated in NASA competitions focused on sustaining humans in space. Her first competition involved designing a self-sustaining Mars mission for 10 years.

“I had no clue what was going on,” she says. “I  didn’t know anything about space systems. So, my mentality was, let me jump in and learn.”

She later co-led MIT’s CERBERUZ team for NASA’s LunaRecycle Challenge, which asked teams to develop ways to recycle waste on missions to the moon and deep space. The MIT team recently won first prize in Phase 2, receiving $775,000 in awards for a system that grinds mixed trash into powder that can be reused via injection molding to make spare parts and 3D-printing filament. 

Another project McKinney enjoyed brought together engineers and architects through MAS.S66/4.154/16.89 (Space Architecture) to tackle a different problem: how to protect lunar habitats from radiation using only resources available on the moon. The students’ solution was to produce cast bricks from lunar regolith that could be stacked without mortar or another binder. For McKinney, the project demonstrated the value of bringing together people with different expertise.

“The kinds of innovative solutions that can be discovered when you work on a team that brings together different expertise and experiences was one of the project’s major takeaways,” she says.

The experience reflects a broader lesson McKinney has taken from MIT: Research may involve focused individual work, but solving the problems of human space exploration will require collaborations across disciplines.

“I feel like I have learned so much from being a part of these different teams,” she says. 

McKinney sees that collaboration as essential to the future she hopes to help build. Reaching the Moon and Mars is only the first step: “What comes next is building up a permanent presence so that we can do amazing science and be really effective at exploration,” she says.

McKinney’s fascination with exploration extends beyond her research. She is an avid hiker and mountaineer, having grown up hiking with her family in the Rockies. She recently completed a mountaineering course in Alaska and summited Mount Baker in the Cascade Range. She sees a connection between those adventures and the curiosity that first drew her to space.

“I love to explore and go on adventures,” she says. “And space is the ultimate thing you could explore.”

That curiosity has also shaped how McKinney approaches her work. When she arrived at MIT from the University of Tulsa, she initially felt intimidated.

“I thought that it was a fluke that I’d gotten in,” she says. “I was very nervous that I was not going to measure up to the environment.”

Over time, she learned to approach unfamiliar problems by asking questions and committing fully to whatever interested her.

“If something interests you, try it and go all in,” she says.

Meet the 2026 tenured professors in the School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences

Faculty members granted tenure in Comparative Media Studies/Writing, Economics, Political Science, and Theater.

In 2026, five faculty were granted tenure in the MIT School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences.

Volha Charnysh is an associate professor in the Department of Political Science. She studies the role of identity in state-building and economic development and the effects of violence. Her first book, “Uprooted: How post-WWII Population Transfers Remade Europe” (Cambridge University Press, 2024), focuses on the enduring consequences of mass displacement and resulting cultural heterogeneity. She received her PhD from Harvard University in 2017 and joined the MIT faculty in 2018.

Grisha Coleman is a full professor in the Music and Theater Arts Section. Her research explores tensions between our physiological, technological, and ecological systems; human movement, our machines, and the places we inhabit. Her practice engages an interdisciplinary approach to these explorations. She earned an MFA in music composition and integrated media from California Institute of the Arts. She joined the MIT faculty in 2026.

Tung-Hui Hu is an associate professor in the Comparative Media Studies/Writing program. A poet and a scholar of digital media, he is the author of five books, most recently “Digital Lethargy: Dispatches from an Age of Disconnection” (MIT Press, 2022), “A Prehistory of the Cloud” (MIT Press, 2015), and “Greenhouses, Lighthouses” (Copper Canyon Press, 2013). Hu is interested in how concepts such as race and normal language became measurable, governable objects in the form of datasets. He earned a BA in comparative literature from Princeton University, an MFA in creative writing from the University of Michigan, and a PhD in film studies from the University of California at Berkeley. He joined the MIT faculty in 2026. 

Tobias Salz is an associate professor in the Department of Economics. He works in the field of industrial organization and studies how digital platforms and other intermediaries shape competition and market outcomes. The applications of his research span digital markets, transportation, and artificial intelligence, and often combine economic theory with novel data and field experiments. His recent work examines market power in web search, personalized platform pricing, and how human experts and AI can work together in medical diagnosis. He received his PhD in economics from New York University in 2016 and joined the MIT faculty in 2019.

Christian Wolf is an associate professor in the Department of Economics. His research is primarily concerned with the question of how monetary and fiscal policy can be used to stabilize the economy. A key aim of his work is to learn as much as possible about such stabilization policy directly from micro- and macroeconomic data, rather than through reliance on structural models. Wolf joined the MIT faculty in 2021 after earning his PhD in economics from Princeton University.

MIT School of Engineering faculty and staff receive awards in spring 2026

Faculty members and researchers were honored in recognition of their scholarship, service, and overall excellence.

Each year, faculty and researchers across the MIT School of Engineering are recognized with prestigious awards for their contributions to research, technology, society, and education. To celebrate these achievements, the school periodically highlights select honors received by members of its departments, institutes, labs, and centers. The following individuals were recognized in spring 2026:

Faez Ahmed, the Esther and Harold E. Edgerton Associate Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, received a 2025 Air Force Office of Scientific Research Young Investigator Program Award. The award provides early-career U.S. scientists and engineers with up to $450,000 over three years to support innovative research.

Navid Azizan, the Alfred Henry (1929) and Jean Morrison Hayes Career Development Professor and an associate professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, has received a National Science Foundation (NSF) CAREER Award. The Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) Program is a foundation-wide activity that offers the NSF’s most prestigious awards in support of early-career faculty who have the potential to serve as academic role models in research and education and to lead advances in the mission of their department or organization.

Yet-Ming Chiang, the Kyocera Professor of Materials Science and Engineering in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, was named a Boston Globe Tech Power Player 2026. The annual list highlights the impact of local leaders on technology and business.

Samantha Coday, an assistant professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, received a 2025 ARPA-E IGNIITE Award. The award aims to support early-career innovators seeking to convert disruptive and unconventional ideas into impactful new technologies across the full spectrum of energy applications.

Srini Devadas, the Edwin Sibley Webster Professor and a professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, received the 2026 ACM-IEEE CS Eckert-Mauchly Award, which recognizes contributions to computer and digital systems architecture.

Joel Emer, professor of the practice in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, received the 2026 ACM SIGARCH/IEEE TCCA Influential Paper Award. This award recognizes the paper from the ISCA Proceedings 20 years earlier that has had the most impact on the field (in terms of research, development, products, or ideas) during the intervening years.

Chuchu Fan, an associate professor in the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, received the IEEE Robotics and Automation Society Early Academic Career Award in Robotics and Automation. The award recognizes academics who have made an identifiable contribution or contributions that have had a major impact on the robotics and/or automation fields.

Yoel Fink, the Danae and Vasilis (1961) Salapatas Professor in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, received the American Physical Society Andrei Sakharov Prize, which recognizes outstanding leadership and achievements of scientists in upholding human rights.

Aristide Gumyusenge, an assistant professor the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, received the 2026 Early Investigator Award from the American Chemical Society's Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering Division. Honorees are chosen from early-career emerging leaders who have made significant contributions in their respective fields within polymer materials science and engineering.

Paula Hammond, dean of the School of Engineering and an Institute Professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering, received the AIChE 2026 John M. Prausnitz Institute Lecture Award. The Prausnitz AIChE Institute Lectureship is awarded to a distinguished member of AIChE who has made significant contributions to chemical engineering in their field of specialization.

Robert Langer, the David H. Koch (1962) Institute Professor in the departments of Biological Engineering (BE) and Chemical Engineering, received the 2026 Robert A. Welch Award in Chemistry from the Welch Foundation. This prestigious prize recognizes important research contributions that have had a significant and positive impact on humankind.

Gareth McKinley, the School of Engineering Professor of Teaching Innovation and a professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, was elected to the National Academy of Sciences. Awardees are recognized by their peers for their outstanding contributions to research in the natural and social sciences.

Farnaz Niroui, Robert J. Shillman (1974) Career Development Professor in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and an associate professor, received the Rising Star of Microsystems Award from the Transducer Research Foundation, which is intended to highlight the next generation of innovators shaping the future of microsystems, microfabrication, MEMS, micro/nanomanufacturing, and closely related fields.

Tomás Palacios, the Clarence J. LeBel Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, received the 2026 Quantum Devices Award from the International Symposium on Compound Semiconductors for significant advancements in wide bandgap semiconductors and nanostructures to improve electronics and pave the way for heterogeneous integration with silicon CMOS.

Ritu Raman, the Eugene Bell Career Development Professor of Tissue Engineering and an associate professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, received a Grainger Foundation Frontiers of Engineering Grant from the National Academy of Engineering. The grants provide seed funding for participants at U.S.-based institutions to support further pursuit of new interdisciplinary research and projects stimulated by interactions at the U.S. Frontiers of Engineering symposium.

Lindsey Raymond, an assistant professor in the departments of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and of Economics, was named a 2025 Early Career Fellow by Schmidt Sciences AI2050. AI2050 issues awards to enable and encourage bold and ambitious research, often multidisciplinary, that is typically hard to fund but socially beneficial. Awards are given for exceptional work tackling one or multiple items from a working list of hard problems.

Daniela Rus, the Panasonic Professor and a professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, received the 2026 High-Tech Prize of the Bavarian Minister-President. This prize is the most highly endowed award for technology and engineering in Germany.

Afreen Siddiqi, a research scientist in the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, received a 2026 Guggenheim Fellowship. Working across 55 disciplines, the fellows were selected from almost 5,000 applicants for “prior career achievement and exceptional promise.”

Vincent Sitzmann, an associate professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, received both a CAREER Award from the National Science Foundation and the Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (PAMI) Young Researcher Award from the IEEE Computer Society. The PAMI Young Researcher Award is given to a researcher within seven years of completing their PhD for outstanding early career research contributions.

Loza Tadesse, the Latham Family Career Development Professor and an assistant professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, was named to Chemical & Engineering News’ 2026 Talented 12. This annual list recognizes early-career researchers who are rising stars in chemistry, selected for their innovative work and growing impact in the field.

Kripa Varanasi, the Maher A. Elmasri Professor of Mechanical Engineering, accepted a United Nations World Intellectual Property Organization Global Award on behalf of his startup, AgZen. The award recognizes the company’s efficient agrochemical spraying patent portfolio.

Understanding the world, from the Cold War to the age of AI

For 75 years, the Center for International Studies has brought together social scientists, engineers, and practitioners to understand global change, shape public debate, and address generational challenges.

At a moment when global alliances are shifting, technological change is accelerating, and the boundaries between science and geopolitics are dissolving, understanding the world demands new ways of thinking. 

For 75 years, the MIT Center for International Studies (CIS) has helped meet that challenge — bringing together engineers, social scientists, and policy practitioners to confront the most pressing global challenges of their time. From developing the foundations of modern international security to redefining how the United States engages with the world, CIS has not only studied global affairs, it has helped shape them. 

What distinguishes CIS is not just the scope of its work, but the way it approaches it. 

At MIT, international studies does not sit apart from science and technology, it is embedded within it. This proximity has enabled generations of scholars to tackle geopolitical problems with tools and perspectives rarely found in traditional academic and policy environments. 

“Being situated within the world’s leading technical institution enables a lot of exciting possibilities,” says Evan Lieberman, the director of CIS and the Total Professor of Political Science and Contemporary Africa. “We focus on critical problems in international development and security — always with an eye towards the challenges and opportunities presented by technological change. Beyond that, a big part of our mission is to provide global perspectives and engagement avenues relevant to scientists and engineers.” 

Established during the dawn of the Cold War, CIS pioneered a new understanding of global power: that science, technology, and geopolitics were becoming deeply intertwined. From the beginning, it convened faculty across disciplines — economics, political science, engineering, and beyond — setting a template that has since become a model for institutions around the world. Over the decades, this approach has produced an outsized impact. 

In 1961, a memorandum to President John F. Kennedy from MIT economist Max Millikan — the inaugural director of CIS — helped inspire the creation of the Peace Corps, fundamentally reshaping how the United States engages in global development. 

CIS scholars such as Lincoln Bloomfield and William “Bill” Kaufman played a central role in establishing security studies as a rigorous academic field in the late 1950s. Less than two decades later, Jack Ruina and George Rathjens founded the center’s Arms Control and Defense Policy Program (now known as the MIT Security Studies Program), which has influenced generations of policymakers and trained generations of scholars.

The study of modernization and political development has also long been central to the work of the center, with notable luminaries such as Lucian Pye and Myron Weiner helping to lead the way. 

A legacy of global exchange 

At the same time, CIS has reshaped how knowledge flows across borders. The MIT International Science and Technology Initiatives (MISTI), launched in 1983 by Institute Professor Suzanne Berger, has sent thousands of MIT students abroad to work, study, and conduct research alongside international partners — experiences that extend far beyond traditional study abroad. In doing so, it helped change longstanding assumptions about the United States’ role in the world, demonstrating that learning is most powerful when it is reciprocal. 

That ethos of mutual exchange continues to define CIS today. Through initiatives such as the Global Seed Funds, MIT faculty, researchers, and their students collaborate with academic partners around the world to advance shared research agendas. 

The connection between these initiatives can be traced to Richard Samuels, Ford International Professor of Political Science and director of CIS from 2000 until 2023. His creation of the MIT-Japan Program in 1981 served as the model for MISTI. He was also the visionary behind the launch of the Global Seed Funds in 2008. 

Together, these programs reflect a consistent vision: that the strongest ideas emerge through sustained engagement with partners around the world. 

Expertise in action 

Drawing on deep regional expertise, CIS also serves as a platform for global engagement across MIT, mobilizing cross-disciplinary knowledge to respond to unfolding international crises and inform both scholarly and policy debates. 

Its MIT-MENA Program, led by Richard Nielsen, associate professor of political science, recently convened experts to assess the energy and security implications of disruptions in the Strait of Hormuz; the MIT-Ukraine Program, under the direction of Elizabeth Wood, Ford International Professor of History, brings together scientific, technical, and academic expertise to design sustainable solutions for a nation at war; and the MIT-China Program, directed by Yasheng Huang, professor of global economics and management at the MIT Sloan School of Management, is creating a hub for scholars and policy experts focused on balancing the Institute’s engagement with China. 

Scholarship that shapes security 

For decades, the MIT Security Studies Program, directed since 2019 by Taylor Fravel, the Arthur and Ruth Sloan Professor of Political Science, has been a leading incubator of ideas that have shaped debates on grand strategy, nuclear policy, civil conflict and Asian security. Its affiliated scholars, fellows, and graduate students have produced policy relevant research that continues to inform policymakers grappling with an increasingly complex international security challenges. 

Building on that legacy, SSP recently established the Center for Nuclear Security Policy (CNSP) — made possible by a $45 million gift from the Stanton Foundation. Directed by Vipin Narang, the Frank Stanton Professor of Nuclear Security and Political Science, the CNSP aims to expand MIT’s leadership in addressing one of the most urgent challenges of our time: managing the risks posed by nuclear weapons in a rapidly evolving and uncertain geopolitical environment. 

Another cornerstone of CIS’s security work is Seminar XXI, currently led by Kelly Greenhill, who holds faculty appointments at MIT and Tufts University. The annual, nine-month program brings together rising leaders from across the U.S. government, military, and national security community. In three decades, more than 2,500 participants have engaged deeply with issues such as nationalism, technological disruption, and global conflict — developing new frameworks for decision-making in high-stakes environments. 

Advancing research, expanding dialogue beyond its anchor programs, CIS continues to invest in the next generation of scholars and practitioners. Undergraduate research initiatives, postdoctoral fellowships, and visiting scholar programs — including the Robert E Wilhelm Fellowship — create space for emerging and established leaders to explore critical questions, from governance and corruption to political reform and social change. 

It also prioritizes policy-relevant research by supporting conferences, workshops, labs, and research initiatives on key problems in international affairs. 

Finally, CIS plays a vital role in connecting MIT to the broader world. Through public events like the Starr Forum, the center brings leading global voices to campus, fostering dialogue on issues that shape international politics and policy. 

The next 75 years 

As CIS looks to the future, its mission is evolving to meet a dramatically changing global landscape. 

“The moment we’re in now is so different from the Cold War era,” says Lieberman. “We’re seeing a much more complex global system, with new actors and new kinds of challenges.” 

In what Lieberman describes as CIS 2.0, the center is sharpening its focus on the forces that will define the coming decades. This includes the geopolitical implications of artificial intelligence, the future of global cooperation in an era of climate crisis, and the evolving role of the United States within an increasingly contested international order. 

Addressing these challenges will require exactly the kind of interdisciplinary, globally engaged approach that has defined CIS for the past 75 years. It will also require a renewed commitment to collaboration — across fields, across institutions, and across countries. 

“A key source of our value added is to convene complementary sources of expertise,” Lieberman says. “It’s about bringing people together who might not otherwise be in the same room, and asking how we can have the greatest possible impact.” 

Seventy-five years after its founding, CIS remains guided by a simple but powerful idea: that understanding the world — and improving it — demands more than any single discipline, perspective, or nation can offer alone.

The CIS’s 75th anniversary symposium, taking place Oct. 15-16, will explore the defining challenges of today with leading thinkers.

Lincoln Laboratory summer research interns take on national security challenges

Anna Raymaker and Vivek Jagadeesh tackled cybersecurity threats to ships and inside operating systems, respectively.

Nearly 170 interns recently dispersed from MIT Lincoln Laboratory to return to their undergraduate or advanced degree programs. For Anna Raymaker and Vivek Jagadeesh, however, the work is just getting started. They are among more than two dozen interns staying on as student technical assistants, continuing to support the laboratory's national security research during the 2026-27 academic year.

"Our summer research program is a key pathway for developing talent to support defense-critical programs," says Robert Loynd, executive officer in the Director's Office. "Interns are embedded in R&D teams across nearly all mission areas, from missile defense and cyber operations to advanced communications and quantum technologies."

In 2026, the laboratory's intern program was named to Yello and WayUp's Top 100 Internship Program list and received the organizations' Public Service Award. This award recognizes programs that demonstrate exceptional commitment to meaningful intern engagement that benefits the public good. 

Anna Raymaker: Securing maritime infrastructure

Anna Raymaker found her bearings when she began researching maritime security. Four years ago, the PhD student at Georgia Tech had just started her cybersecurity studies, but hadn't yet settled on a focus area. When her advisor offered a project building a boat test bed, the Florida native was hooked.

As she began presenting her test bed research at academic cybersecurity conferences, she noticed a gap: "No one was really looking at shipping security," she says. That realization led her to speak directly with mariners to learn about the cybersecurity issues they faced.

One issue mariners repeatedly raised was the security of the Automatic Identification System (AIS), a device that helps ships avoid collisions by broadcasting their location, speed, and course. International regulations require all ships over 300 gross tons — such as cargo, tanker, and cruise ships — to transmit their identity via AIS at all times. 

"Mariners told me that AIS is their source of truth, so it was very scary when they experienced it being manipulated in the wild," Raymaker says. For example, so-called "ghost fleets" could use AIS to disguise themselves as other vessel types to evade sanctions. Such deception is possible because AIS does not require identity verification.

This summer, Raymaker examined AIS security firsthand at Lincoln Laboratory. Her goal was to analyze the trust assumptions built into the system and identify where those assumptions could be exploited. Her research revealed several methods of interfering with AIS, including radio-based "spoofing," in which false messages can appear to come from a legitimate device. Spoofed messages could, for instance, instruct ships to switch transmission channels or report a fake vessel position, potentially causing ships to change course. Working with her Lincoln Laboratory advisor, Hamed Okhravi, she then explored defenses against these false signals.

"Recent events have demonstrated that AIS security is not merely a theoretical concern, as manipulation or spoofing of maritime positioning data can directly affect navigation, safety, and global shipping. Anna's work directly contributes to understanding and mitigating these emerging risks," Okhravi says. "She built a new experimental test bed from scratch, conducted detailed experiments, analyzed the results, and helped turn the work into a publication, demonstrating excellent hands-on technical and research skills."

Raymaker says she has been both surprised and encouraged by the laboratory's collaborative culture. Mentioning her AIS project in a hallway conversation would prompt staff to offer help or connect her with relevant experts. "The opportunity to network with all these experts and see what other groups do is extremely unique. Any student would benefit from that kind of exposure," she says. 

As a student technical assistant, Raymaker will research other dimensions of maritime security. She's particularly interested in preventing the malicious cutting of undersea cables, which has become a major geopolitical security concern. "Ships are big and slow. If we have data on where they're moving, maybe we could use it to predict when a ship is going to do something bad," she says.

After graduation in the spring, she hopes to keep working through the problems she heard from mariners: "I want to go one by one down that list to create solutions that might help. Their job at sea is hard, and they deserve to be protected."

Vivek Jagadeesh: Readying cyber technology for industry adoption

Vivek Jagadeesh is a master's student at Worcester Polytechnic Institute. His path to Lincoln Laboratory came together naturally. After interviewing for a summer position, he learned that his advisor had a connection with staff in the Secure Resilient Systems and Technology Group. That connection gave him the confidence that the laboratory was the right fit for his interests. As it turned out, the group's work aligned closely with the problems Jagadeesh was tackling in his research: securing operating systems.

Specifically, Lincoln Laboratory researchers have been developing Hardware-Assisted Kernel Compartmentalization (HAKC). The core software of an operating system, a kernel typically has the highest level of access to a computer's hardware. Because of that access, a single bug in kernel code can lead to catastrophic security failures. HAKC mitigates this risk by dividing kernel code into smaller components, each separated by access-control checks. The team anticipates that the technology can resolve vulnerabilities in Linux kernels, which power most of the world's devices.

Jagadeesh's focus has been on supporting HAKC's transition to industry. "The idea is to make the technology less proprietary, so that any of the big distributors of Linux, like Red Hat, or Canonical, can use it," he says. Those distributors, however, need clear insight into how HAKC modifies the kernel code. To enable this insight, Jagadeesh developed a tool called a source-to-source compiler, or transpiler. 

A compiler converts C source code into binary for machines to execute. Different compilers process code differently, and the compiler HAKC uses differs from the compiler used frequently by the greater Linux community. Modifications to code are usually done at an intermediate stage — a translated version of the code that compilers use before generating binary — but interfacing with the code at this stage varies by compiler, making modifications hard to transfer between systems. To avoid this problem, Jagadeesh's transpiler inserts HAKC code directly into the original C source file, while preserving the source file's original information and making additions easily identifiable. As a result, any developer can audit the changes HAKC implements, and HAKC can cleanly integrate into the complicated build systems used by kernel developers and distributors.  

"Creating a transpiler is a non-trivial task, but that is nevertheless what Vivek achieved. His transpiler is capable of transforming the entire Linux kernel, a key milestone we need to bring HAKC to industry," says his Lincoln Laboratory advisor, Derrick McKee, who began developing HAKC as a student researcher himself five years ago.

According to McKee, the transpiler will serve as the foundation for the next iteration of HAKC. That new version is planned for release under the Open Resilient Compartmentalization Alliance, a Linux Foundation initiative dedicated to bringing compartmentalization technology to Linux systems.

Jagadeesh says he felt strongly supported throughout the internship, meeting with the project's two principal investigators at least twice a week. "It felt like we were working on this together in a big way — and I got a lot of support from everyone responsible for it," he says. He looks forward to working on other aspects of system security in the group this fall. 

For students considering a laboratory internship, Jagadeesh offers this perspective: "You get to work on real things that have an actual impact. It's work that, after you go back to school, you'll apply to more research going forward."

More information on Lincoln Laboratory's summer research program and other student opportunities can be found here. 

Robotic lab sets up and runs optics experiments on demand

The autonomous system could speed up testing of high-tech materials for applications such as solar cells, sensors, video displays, and quantum technologies.

Every new generation of phone display, television screen, and solar panel is a result of precision optics experiments, which use lasers and other light sources to measure the optical properties of candidate materials. These experiments can take months to run, requiring scientists to meticulously angle and adjust delicate light sources, mirrors, cameras, and other components, in a careful and constant tuning that can be physically tedious and time-consuming. 

But MIT scientists say the whole process of building and running an optics experiment could one day be fully automated. Taking a step toward such a future, they have developed a reconfigurable, robotic optics laboratory. 

The new robotic lab autonomously assembles standard optical components into desired configurations. It can then tune the angle and position of mirrors and lenses with micron-scale precision to produce beams of light with specific properties. The system can also safely dismantle an experiment and reassemble the parts into an entirely new setup. 

The team showed that the robotic system could autonomously build and fine-tune a tabletop laser cavity — a key element of most optics experiments. The system could also precisely manipulate components to perform several optical tasks, such as centering a laser beam, aligning multiple beams, and automatically stabilizing the beams in response to physical disturbances.

“We start with randomly placed components,” says Sachin Vaidya, a postdoc in MIT’s Research Laboratory of Electronics. “At the end, we have a fully functioning laser that the robot has built.”

The researchers are expanding the robotic lab, in a physical and virtual sense. In addition to improving the system’s physical sensing, maneuvering, and overall space, they are developing a cloud-based application that gives users virtual access to the physical robot. They envision that one day, scientists from anywhere will be able to remotely access robotic optics labs and virtually submit experimental protocols or queries that the labs would then set up and run autonomously. 

“There are many things this could enable,” says Marin Soljacic, the Cecil and Ida Green Professor of Physics at MIT. “A robot isn’t going to get bored. It can work 365 days, 24 hours a day, on very boring things. That will free up so much creativity and time for scientists to then push theories and see what we can do. Science could progress much faster.”

The MIT team will present the details of the new system at the Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) conference later this month. Along with Soljacic and Vaidya, project team members include co-lead Seou Choi, Caio Silva, and Shrish Choudhury from MIT, Shiekh Uddin of Nokia Bell Labs, and Sajib Shuvo of Arizona State University.

A city of light

A tabletop optics experiment can resemble a miniature city of densely packed mirrors, lenses, and light sources. Scientists manually arrange and align the various components in precise configurations, then shine light into the experiment. The lenses and mirrors bounce and focus the beam into a desired wavelength, frequency, or intensity that can then be used to probe or manipulate a given material. 

“Sometimes this manual setup takes days or months depending on the complexity of the experiment,” Soljacic says. “It’s meticulous work that has to be done again and again for each experiment.”

Most labs do incorporate some level of automation in an optics setup, such as motorized tuners that mechanically turn knobs to precisely angle a mirror. 

“These components can automate the most tedious parts of an experiment,” Vaidya notes. “But no one has built a full system that goes from no setup to a completely aligned setup in one tool. That was our goal, to show complete automation through all the steps that go into an optics experiment.”

Auto-tuned optics

The team’s robotic lab centers around a robotic arm with seven moveable joints that is attached to a metallic tabletop. The robot picks and places lenses, mirrors, and other optical components, each of which the researchers installed in its own 3D-printed plastic housing. 

The housings are designed such that the robot can easily and safely grip and move each component. The researchers etched the top of each housing with a QR code containing information about the component within the housing (such as whether it is a lens versus a mirror, and its exact dimensions and capabilities). Each housing has a magnetic base that helps stabilize a component once the arm places it down on the metallic tabletop. 

The researchers designed a Wi-Fi-enabled “fine-adjustment tool” that clips onto the mount of standard optical components. The motorized tool can be wirelessly controlled to turn a component’s knobs, for instance to angle a mirror. 

“The way humans do this tuning is by feel, and based on a lot of intuition,” Vaidya says. “This tool is at least as precise as a human, but in reality it is much more precise.”

The team also installed a pair of cameras over the entire setup that provides a birds-eye view of the tabletop experiment. Finally, they developed a “software stack,” or a set of programs that enables the robot to navigate through every step of setting up and continuously tuning an experiment. These steps include recognizing a specific component, knowing how to safely approach and pick it up, where to move it, and how to avoid collisions with other parts of the experiment along the way. 

Finally, they designed a simple virtual user interface to allow an experimenter to remotely direct the robot. For instance, when a user drags the icon for a mirror from one spot to another, and clicks a button to confirm, the robot responds by picking up the actual mirror and placing it down at the corresponding location on the table. 

As a demonstration, they directed the robot to assemble various components into a laser cavity. A laser cavity consists of two mirrors arranged on either side of a crystal. When a beam of light is shone into the setup, it pings back and forth between the two mirrors. With each pass, the light also passes through the crystal, which amplifies the light’s intensity, to a point that whatever light escapes, is intense enough to form a laser. 

“We wanted to pick a demonstration in optics that’s reasonably challenging,” says co-lead author Seou Choi, a graduate student in electrical engineering and computer science. “This is not something a new trainee could do in an afternoon. It requires a lot of alignment and component experience.”

In the end, the robot successfully built a functional laser cavity by autonomously carrying out 50 maneuvers, all within 30 minutes. When the researchers introduced physical disturbances to the setup, such as randomly moving a component on the table, the system automatically readjusted components to maintain the laser’s intensity. 

“Even tiny vibrations or temperature changes can degrade an optics experiment,” Vaidya says. “An autonomous lab could continuously monitor its own performance and repair the alignment before valuable data is lost.”

The researchers envision that robotic labs like theirs could be paired with a nearby library of physical components that another robot could fetch and deliver to a tabletop robot to arrange into an experiment. Such a system could work to build and run experiments, then break them down and set up new ones on demand, or continuously run an experiment that requires active 24/7 monitoring.

“A system like this could help industry test prototypes faster, for everything from cameras and displays to solar cells and AR/VR goggles,” Vaidya says. 

For their part, the researchers are applying the new robot lab to test promising carbon-capture materials. By shining light with specific properties at these materials, they can get information about how a material absorbs carbon dioxide. 

“Experimental optics is the backbone of many important fields,” Vaidya says. “Our work takes the first step toward optical labs that can operate faster, more reliably, and without manual intervention in a domain that demands extreme precision and diversity of experimental setups.”

This research was supported, in part, by the Korea Foundation for Advanced Studies Overseas PhD Scholarship, the U.S. National Science Foundation, the U.S. Army DEVCOM ARL Army Research Office, Parviz Tayebati, the MIT Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program (UROP), the MIT Generative AI Impact Consortium (MGAIC), and Shell International Exploration and Production Inc.

Faces of MIT: Jay Wilcoxson

Combining a background in private law practice with a passion for problem-solving, Wilcoxson supports MIT’s mission and principles through his work as counsel.



“Technology is the equalizer”

Using knowledge gained from MIT’s free learning materials, an educator in rural India builds apps to reach students who can’t make it to school.

Mohammad Imran Khan Mewati teaches grades 6-12 at a school in rural India. His students are largely from economically disadvantaged families, and the school itself has limited resources. But the biggest problem, he says, is absenteeism. 

“If a student is not coming into your class, how are you going to teach?” says Mewati, a teacher for 26 years. “That’s why I’m using technology in my classroom and outside the classroom, so that they can learn a little bit using their smartphones.” 

MIT Open Learning’s free educational resources have been a boon for Mewati as he develops Hindi-language digital resources for his students. 

“I am a self-taught app developer,” he explains. “MIT Open Learning has had a deep and practical impact on my professional life as a teacher. Many concepts I learned influenced how I design digital learning activities, simple educational games, and classroom strategies. My students may not know they are indirectly benefiting from MIT, but they are.”

Through MIT Open Learning, Mewati has used in his classroom OpenCourseWare’s free, online library of educational resources from more than 2,500 courses spanning the MIT undergraduate and graduate curriculum. Learners can browse content at their own pace, watch lectures, read course notes, and hear from faculty experts. All materials can be downloaded for offline use, and the website is fully responsive for smartphone use. These materials are also available on MIT Learn, an AI-enabled platform for all of MIT’s lifelong learning opportunities.

Mewati started using OpenCourseWare resources in the early 2010s and cites programming courses as the most useful. He dove deep into Introduction to CS and Programming Using Python, Introduction to C and C++, and Introduction to Programming Using Java. Introduction to Computational Thinking helped him bring together problem-solving approaches from mathematics and computer science as he built apps.  

Closing the gap with technology

Mewati’s school is located 15 miles from the city of Alwar in Rajasthan, a state in northwestern India. Most of the students do not have access to desktop or laptop computers, but the majority live in a home where at least one person has a smartphone. Taking advantage of this technology, Mewati creates classroom groups on WhatsApp so that he can share resources with his students, regardless of whether they can make it to class. 

Mewati began incorporating technology into his teaching in the early 2010s, when he had to engage 180 students in a lesson about the moon landing and Neil Armstrong. Mewati created a simple HTML page that included many iconic images — the American flag planted on the moon, the Apollo 11 spacecraft, the footprint on the moon’s surface — with Hindi explanations. Once he created it, he could use it again and again. When he tested students on what they’d learned, they got better results than when he’d taught the material using his previous approach. 

“This is the incident that confirmed to me that technology can play an important role in the lives of the students, and particularly for the rural students, for the students who do not have equal opportunities,” says Mewati. “Technology is the equalizer.”

That belief has driven Mewati’s efforts to build his school’s technological resources. Through crowdfunding, he secured 15 used computers to create a computer lab, and teachers now share the responsibility for creating mobile hotspots so students can connect to the internet. Mewati’s mobile apps provide additional opportunities for students to explore topics in greater depth or catch up on lessons they may have missed.

Referring to his apps as his favorite topic, Mewati explains that he has developed several types to meet a variety of goals. Some allow students to play games that develop their math skills, while others include syllabi, reading recommendations, and class notes. Other apps help students prepare for exams required for government jobs. He also builds apps for audiences beyond his school, such as an app that provides Hindi-language resources related to maternal health, a topic he says is not openly discussed in India. The app has been popular, he explains, because it provides honest information that people can view privately.

“If I see an issue, I think, ‘Yes, let’s create an app,’” he says. 

Collaboration, open sharing, and lifelong learning

Mewati shares the apps he has created, and the MIT Open Learning resources that support him, with a network of teachers across India. He has connected with other educators through India’s National Teacher Awards and earlier this year, he traveled to Dubai for the Global Teacher Prize.

“We share things with each other,” he says. “We have a huge group — more than 1,000 teachers connected across India. So, if we see resources, or useful things for a class, we’ll share. All the time, I talk about open-source materials, like MIT courses, for educational purposes.”

Through this culture of collaboration and open sharing, Mewati is able to bring new learning opportunities to his students. The apps he has built — made possible by what he has learned through MIT Open Learning — help extend access to educational resources beyond the classroom. As an educator, he says he’s happy about that. But he is also a learner, and it’s his journey as a learner that he wants people to know. 

“I am from a rural area. My parents are not educated at all. And I am a Fulbright Scholar. I can reach the Global Teacher Prize stage. The reason is simple,” he says. “It is because I continued my learning, whenever possible, with the use of technology and availability of free courses from MIT.”

To anyone who is curious, who wants to learn, to push themselves or build something new, he says that with MIT Open Learning, the resources are out there.

“We should use it, we should grab it, and we should share it as much as we can,” says Mewati. “Because that’s how humanity can flourish.”

New artist residency program at MIT expands views of the cosmos

Inaugural artist Amy Karle will join astrophysicists at MIT’s Kavli Institute to explore questions about the universe and translate them into an immersive multimedia experience.

MIT’s Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research (MKI) is launching a pilot artist-in-residence program to facilitate cross-disciplinary dialogue between art, science, and the public. 

MKI is a world-leading institution for research in astrophysics, combining more than 60 years of expertise in space and ground-based instrumentation development with the intellectual energy of MIT’s faculty, research and technical staff, and students in the departments of Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering; Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences; and Physics.

During the 2026-27 academic year, internationally acclaimed ultra-contemporary artist Amy Karle will work as the program’s inaugural artist-in-residence alongside MKI researchers to explore the research and processes behind cutting-edge astrophysical discoveries and instrumentation, and to translate this experience into an immersive, multimedia installation available for public display beginning in early 2028. Karle is known for her work as an artist, designer, and researcher whose projects explore how science and technology shape humanity, evolution, and the future across scales and systems, from cells to cosmos. 

“We are excited to work with Amy in this collaborative environment” says MKI Director Robert Simcoe, the Bruno B. Rossi Professor of Experimental Physics at MIT. “Her approach is unlike anything we have previously experienced at MKI and presents many opportunities to challenge the way we, as scientists and engineers, think about our study of the universe. At the same time, the resulting artwork will be shaped by the deep research we do, and the wide-ranging scientific and technical perspectives of the MKI community.” 

Karle’s proposal, which envisions astrophysical research and data as a co-creative experience toward embodied understanding of cosmic phenomena and touches on themes of scientific observation, signals, and inference, was selected by an interdisciplinary committee of astronomers, museum curators, and art-science practitioners. Reviewers praised Karle’s ambitious-yet-grounded approach to engagement, her attention to audience experience, her unique approach to science communication through art and technology, and the collaborative potential of her artistic vision. 

“I am thrilled to be partnering with MKI,” says Karle, whose practice over the years has included dedicated art-science collaborations with Copernicus Science Centre, the Interstellar Foundation, and Studio Quantum, as well as multiple installations for museums, festivals, and public spaces across the globe. “My first job was at a public observatory. I still remember showing strangers Saturn’s rings through a telescope and watching awe and understanding arrive as felt experience. That has shaped my work since. What MKI does at the frontier of astrophysics, translating faint signals into knowledge through instruments, computation, and human judgment, is a profound expression of that same process. I am excited to be in dialogue with that work and with MKI scientists to create art that makes this tangible and deeply felt, inviting people into the threshold where our ways of knowing the universe reshape how we understand ourselves.”

The residency begins with a one-month exploratory period in the fall semester, centered on meetings with MKI researchers, attendance at seminars and classes, and a public presentation to the MKI community. The project will then move from conceptualization to development, shaped through continued exchange with MKI researchers and complementary independent work in Karle’s California studio throughout 2027. 

In March, Karle and selected scientific collaborators will be in residence at the Studios at MASS MoCA, a national and international residency program embedded within one of the world’s largest and liveliest museums dedicated to contemporary art. During their time in residence, Karle and collaborators will test ideas, exchange knowledge, and engage with a multidisciplinary cohort of 16 other artists from across the globe.

“MASS MoCA [the Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art] is pleased to be part of MKI’s artist-in-residence program and to contribute to the meaningful exchange between art and science,” says Susan Cross, MASS MoCA director of curatorial affairs. “We look forward to welcoming artist Amy Karle and collaborators from MIT’s Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research to our campus, and to the Studios at MASS MoCA.”

The residency is supported by the Kavli Foundation’s Kavli Innovation Fund. The initiative seeks to develop new modes of public engagement with astrophysical research and discovery, and deepen emotional connections across the interplay of science and art.

“We are grateful for the Kavli Foundation’s support,” says Simcoe, “as it allows us to push boundaries and engage new audiences in the wonder of the universe and the process of science.” 

Karle’s work has been exhibited internationally at institutions including Centre Pompidou, Mori Art Museum, the Smithsonian Institution, the Museum of Modern Art, Ars Electronica, ArtScience Museum, Triennale Milano, and the Victoria and Albert Museum, with works on the moon and in space. She collaborates with and presents at scientific, technological, and cultural institutions including NASA, CERN, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Autodesk, HP Labs, and NVIDIA. 

She was honored as one of BBC’s 100 Most Inspiring and Influential Women, a Pioneer in Design, and one of the Most Influential Women in 3D Printing. Karle also served as an American Arts Incubator U.S. Department of State artist diplomat. Her first job was at a public observatory, where she began asking fundamental questions about space and witnessing the wonder it can awaken in people, an early experience that continues to inspire her to create works that allow people to feel how we come to know the universe and our place within it.

To learn more about Karle's work, visit amykarle.com. As the project develops, MKI will be seeking museum and festival partners to host the installation in 2028 and beyond. 

Nanoscale mechanics could enable brain-inspired computing

A new device uses reconfigurable motion to mimic the firing behavior of a neuron, which could lead to more efficient computing.

MIT researchers have created a new computing platform that could be used to develop intelligent and adaptive next-generation electronics that can simultaneously perform multiple functions, like computing and memory, all within one extremely compact, energy-efficient device.

Such a platform opens opportunities for low-power edge computing applications, interactive medical and environmental monitoring systems, and smart robots.

The researchers accomplished this by leveraging the unique mechanical response of soft polymers at the nanoscale. A mechanical response is how a structure changes when a force is applied to it. 

They harnessed this response to create tiny mechanical devices that use reconfigurable motion to remember and process information in a way that mimics how neurons behave in the brain.

Because key computing functions are built into the intrinsic properties of the soft polymer material, the number of components needed to perform the functions are minimized, enabling a compact and versatile platform for information processing. 

“Complex and coupled nanoscale phenomena can provide tremendous opportunities for new approaches to information processing and integrating multiple functionalities, such as computing, sensing, and actuation. This could enable levels of energy efficiency, autonomy, and reconfigurability in nanoscale devices and systems that are challenging to achieve with conventional computing platforms,” says Farnaz Niroui, an associate professor of electrical engineering and computer science (EECS), a member of the Research Laboratory of Electronics (RLE), and senior author of a paper on this device. “Here, we harness the intrinsic mechanical properties of materials to engineer device-level dynamics, such that the material building blocks play a much more active role in defining device functionality than conventionally considered.”

She is joined on the paper by co-lead authors Peter Satterthwaite and Sarah Spector, EECS graduate students; as well as Jeremiah Johnson, the A. Thomas Guertin Professor of Chemistry at MIT; Maxwell Conte, a graduate student in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Teddy Hsieh, an EECS graduate student; postdoc Eduard Bobylev; and Srinidhi Venkatesh ’25. The research appears today in Science Advances. 

Bioinspired computation

Biological systems can leverage physical changes, like motion or deformation, to process information efficiently and without needing access to a central controller. 

For instance, an octopus has a highly distributed nervous systems, with about two-thirds of its neurons spread throughout its arms. This allows the octopus to sense and process information about its environment locally and generate responses without requiring access to the central brain.

As an example, an octopus can mechanically change the color cells in its skin, enabling it to go through a rapid and context-specific camouflage process.

“You can think of an octopus as continuous computing matter, with computing, memory, sensing, and actuation distributed throughout its body,” Niroui adds.

Inspired by such performance, the researchers sought to develop a platform that can compute using mechanical transformations at the nanoscale. In mechanical computing, calculations are performed through physical transformations like movement and compression. 

While bioinspired mechanical computing platforms have been developed at the micro and macro scales, the MIT researchers shrunk their device to the nanoscale. At this scale, even minute mechanical transformations can lead to drastic changes in a material’s properties. This can enable complex computing in an energy-efficient platform.

But achieving the reversible nanomechanical transformations needed for such computing is a fundamental challenge. When two surfaces come very close, they experience strong adhesive forces that pull the surfaces together, making them impossible to unstick. 

To overcome this fundamental challenge, the researchers built a device with a super-thin film of the soft polymer polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) sandwiched between two metal electrodes. This soft spacer balances the adhesive forces between the two metal surfaces, keeping the electrodes from crashing together in an irreversible way.

“The soft material serves as a ‘nano-spring,’ to help balance the forces to achieve nanoscale mechanical reconfiguration in a controlled and reversible manner,” Niroui explains.

When the researchers apply a voltage to the device, the two metal plates attract to one another, compressing the soft material and altering the electrical current flowing through the device. 

“PDMS is viscoelastic, which means that after being compressed, it takes time to return to its original state. This allows the devices to dynamically remember the history of forces and voltages applied to them, and convert that history into an electrical response,” says Satterthwaite.

They researchers used this performance to demonstrate an artificial neuron.

Brain-inspired information processing

In the brain, each neuron accumulates an electrical charge a little bit at a time until it reaches a threshold and fires, passing information to other neurons in the network. 

The researchers’ device mirrors this behavior. As voltage is applied over time, it accumulates stimulus as the electrodes gradually compress the PDMS. After crossing a threshold, it “fires” like a neuron before relaxing back to its original state.

“We have this complex functionality, which is the basis of biological computing, all contained in one nanoscale device,” Satterthwaite says.

Since computing and memory are incorporated within a single device with no need for external components, like capacitors or complex circuitry, this platform can achieve high energy efficiency with a small footprint. 

“The performance highly relies on the memory introduced using the soft polymer. We can intentionally engineer this over a large design space to meet the requirements of the desired applications,” Spector says.

The device can also be compatible with biological systems, Spector adds. For instance, it could be useful in applications like smart prosthetics that can rapidly process tactile data or low-power wearable patches that collect and analyze health indicators in real-time.

In the future, the researchers want to expand this work to further integrate sensing with computing and memory to realize nanomechanical computing matter with applications in intelligent and adaptive systems. 

This work was funded, in part, by the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF), an MIT EECS MathWorks Fellowship, and the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research. Device fabrication was carried out, in part, using MIT.nano facilities.

New AI technique could make minimally invasive surgeries safer and more precise

This patient-specific method, called xvr, helps doctors use X-rays for surgical navigation in fields such as orthopedics and neurosurgery.

Researchers created a new technique that accurately and rapidly matches X-rays captured during surgery with a patient’s preoperative 3D medical scan. This method could make it easier for clinicians to precisely pilot minimally invasive surgical tools, leading to faster and safer procedures.

Clinicians perform many minimally invasive surgeries using real-time X-rays to help them steer devices like catheters and endoscopes through tiny incisions. But since X-rays are flat images, it can be challenging to determine exactly where surgical tools are located and oriented within the patient’s body, increasing the risk of complications.

To help localize surgical devices, clinicians may manually align X-rays with preoperative 3D medical images, such as CT scans or MRIs. Artificial intelligence tools designed to streamline this process struggle to align images robustly for all patients, making them infeasible in practice.

This new system, developed by scientists and clinicians at MIT and collaborating institutions, uses an AI model that adapts to each patient in only about five minutes. The model automatically matches one patient’s X-rays with 3D scans in a matter of seconds, and with sub-millimeter precision.

Named xvr (which stands for X-ray volume registration), it outperformed existing AI methods by an order of magnitude across a wide range of patients, body parts, and medical procedures.

“A majority of Americans live more than an hour away from a center that can perform noninvasive procedures, like emergency stroke interventions. An hour in stroke time is incredibly substantial. Making these procedures easier by combining 2D and 3D information enables these types of highly specialized life-saving procedures to be more accessible to much broader parts of the population,” says Vivek Gopalakrishnan, a postdoc in the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL); a recent graduate of the Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology; and lead author of a paper on xvr, which appears today in Nature.

He is joined on the paper by his advisor Polina Golland, the Sunlin and Priscilla Chou Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), a principal investigator in CSAIL, the leader of the Medical Vision Group, and co-senior author of the paper; and Neel Dey, a former postdoc in the Medical Vision Group who is now an investigator at Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital as well as co-senior author on the paper. Additional co-authors include David-Dimitris Chlorogiannis, a researcher and clinician at Harvard Medical School; Andrew Abumoussa, a neurosurgeon at St. Luke’s Marion Bloch Neuroscience Institute; Anna M. Larson, a pediatric clinician at Shriners Children’s Hospital; Nazim Haouchine, an assistant professor of radiology at Harvard and Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Darren B. Orbach, a physician and scientist at Boston Children’s Hospital; and Sarah Frisken, an associate professor of radiology at Harvard.

Making X-rays more informative

In many minimally invasive surgical procedures, like angioplasty to open blocked arteries, clinicians insert instruments through a tiny incision and use a high-speed mobile X-ray scanner to generate images that allow them to visualize the procedure from any angle. 

But to guide surgical tools without accidentally damaging other tissue, clinicians must align real-time X-rays with the patient’s preoperative MRI or CT scan. This process, called registration, helps them determine where the tool is in relation to anatomical structures. 

“It takes decades of training for a clinician to become skilled enough to see grainy, 2D images and understand how everything is oriented. We want to make these 2D X-rays more informative, so it becomes safer and easier to do these life-saving procedures,” Gopalakrishnan says.

Manual registration methods are slow and burdensome, requiring the clinician to guess the position of a surgical instrument by punching numbers into a computer or clicking anatomical landmarks on a screen. 

To streamline the process, researchers are developing AI models that can predict 2D/3D registration. But people have such diverse anatomy that a model which works well for some patients may fail for others. 

A lack of high-quality annotated medical image data makes it difficult to train a deep-learning model robust enough to adapt to many patients, Gopalakrishnan says.

Rather than trying to make a machine-learning model that can be applied to all patients, the researchers built a model designed to adapt extremely well for the specific patient.

“We tailor this one specific model for this one specific patient, and it doesn’t matter if it works on other people because there will be different models for those people,” Gopalakrishnan adds.

Patient-specific machine learning

Xvr takes one patient’s preoperative 3D scan, like an MRI or CT, and uses it to generate thousands of synthetic X-rays from many angles, producing about 1,000 images each second. It uses a physics-based simulation of the X-ray process to ensure these synthetic images are realistic.

“Instead of generating data from nothing, like some types of generative AI, this physics simulation is entirely based on the CT scan or MRI from this patient. Because xvr creates patient-specific data in a purely physics-based manner, there is no room for hallucinations,” Gopalakrishnan says.

The xvr framework uses these simulated data to train an AI model that can accurately align this patient’s 2D X-rays with their 3D image scan in a matter of seconds.

But while such a registration model is highly accurate, it would take about 12 hours to train from scratch for each patient, making it impossible to deploy in an emergency. To make the process faster, the researchers used xvr to pretrain a more versatile AI system, called a foundation model, that can quickly adjust to each new patient. 

They collected whole-body 3D medical scans from more than 2,000 patients covering a wide range of ages, image modalities, and regions. Xvr used these diverse data to generate synthetic X-rays and train a foundation model to perform 2D/3D registration.

This pretrained model can adapt to a new patient in about five minutes, and performs registration with the same accuracy as if it had been trained from scratch. 

“So now you can get patient-specific accuracy but also in a very rapid time frame,” Gopalakrishnan says.

The team tested the model on the largest available dataset of real 2D/3D registrations, incorporating data from five hospitals that covered dozens of bones and organ systems in adult and pediatric patients. 

Xvr significantly outperformed other AI-based methods in accuracy and robustness, while operating fast enough for emergency surgeries. The model could also be used to improve the performance of robotic surgery technologies. 

In the future, the researchers hope to focus on making xvr faster for real-time deployment, conducting further studies to verify its reliability in additional situations, and extending the system to handle more complex scenarios, like moving body parts. 

“For the past two years, we’ve been carefully developing this algorithm and validating it. Now, we are collaborating closely with surgical robotics companies and clinical groups to turn this research into useful tools for navigation or deployment,” Gopalakrishnan says.

This work was funded, in part, but the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the MIT CSAIL-Wistron Program, the MIT-IBM Computing Research Lab, the MIT Jameel Clinic, the MIT Health and Life Sciences Collaborative, and the Chou Family Transformative Research Fund.

MIT startups inspire with impressive presentations at Demo Day 2026

The event featured ventures solving problems in manufacturing, cybersecurity, health care spending, and more.

The annual “Demo Day” event at MIT, which marks the end of the delta v startup accelerator, fell on the 25th anniversary of the Sept. 11 attacks this year, giving MIT entrepreneurs a chance to honor the memory of those lost that day while presenting their startup progress in the program.

Each year, the event celebrates all that students achieved while working full-time on their ventures over the summer with support and guidance from the Martin Trust Center for MIT Entrepreneurship.

But the usually boisterous night started with the program’s military veterans asking for a moment of silence.

“Today is a day of remembrance, but also a day of celebration,” founder and MIT graduate student Kevin Power MAP ’25 told the audience in opening remarks. “It’s about building to create a better world. Today, we honor those lost the way we believe they would want: by being humble, taking care of each other, and building something worthy of the people who never had this chance. In this room, people are taking on the hardest problems in health care, cybersecurity, defense, robotics, and manufacturing.”

Now in its 15th year, delta v Demo Day gives MIT entrepreneurs a chance to share their work and inspire classmates to adopt the entrepreneurial mindset. The companies that presented were whittled down from an initial list of over 200, twice the amount that applied in 2025.

Across a whirlwind 90 minutes inside a jam-packed Kresge Auditorium, 13 teams presented their startups to the audience in two-minute presentations. Many shared business milestones and progress in line with what a typical company would achieve over multiple years, including customer partnerships, prototype deployments, and even revenue.

Each team received mentorship and support along with $75,000 in equity-free funding, a dramatic increase from years past. This year’s cohort featured undergraduates, graduate students, and postdocs, from across all of MIT’s schools.

“One of the things I love about delta v is it brings students from all across our community together to approach challenges with different perspectives,” Paula Hammond, dean of the MIT School of Engineering, told the audience. “Their companies are just as wide-ranging. They are working in AI, robotics, health care, aerospace, financial technology, biotech, cybersecurity, and more. At their core, they all share a desire to tackle difficult problems and improve people’s lives.”

This year the Trust Center also announced a new partner model for the delta v program, composed of over 125 leading founders from companies like HubSpot, Okta, and Kayak, along with industry experts and early-stage investors.

The event’s occurrence at the start of the semester is no coincidence: It is timed to attract the next generation of entrepreneurs on campus.

“This is my favorite day of the year,” said Bill Aulet, the managing director of the Trust Center and MIT’s Ethernet Inventors Professor of the Practice at the MIT Sloan School of Management. “Today is about building organizations that will solve the world’s most intractable problems. It’s about more than making money. These presentations will inspire you and make you proud to be a part of the MIT community.”

Artificial intelligence featured prominently in this year’s cohort of companies, which are applying the technology to solve major problems in cybersecurity and manufacturing, improve health care spending, design advanced metal parts, and more.

The company Neural Physics, for instance, is building AI models for manufacturing and other hardware applications. The company’s models are designed to accelerate product design and validation workflows for companies building things like cars, equipment, and machine parts.

“AI can build software overnight,” said co-founder and PhD candidate Mohamed Elrefaie. “AI for software has been solved. The next revolution is physical AI. Design takes too long, and it costs billions. In 1907, it took Henry Ford five years to develop the first Ford car model. Today, it still takes the Ford Motor Company five years to go from design to production. The U.S. advanced manufacturing sector loses roughly $245 billion annually due to engineer delays… [Most] of that time is spent running simulations or making engineering decisions. At Neural Physics, we are building foundation physics models to accelerate those processes.”

Another company, Cerebrus AI, has built a system for detecting when AI agents deviate from approved behavior. The solution builds a baseline of behavior for each deployed agent and monitors their activity to flag unusual behavior that could lead to problems.

“The rollout of revolutionary technology is being held up by three key questions that every executive is asking: Where are my agents? What are they doing? What do they have access to?” co-founder and MBA student Griffin Potrock said. “Security teams want to say yes, but they can’t trust what they can’t see. Cerebrus AI can help those teams.”

The company Talys uses AI agents to help health care organizations find opportunities to lower spending on things like pharmacies, operational processes, and third-party services. The company is already working with health systems and has processed $325 million in spending.

“Decades of attempts to reign in health care spending have fallen short — until now,” co-founder and MBA student Nicolas Berzin said “Why is it so hard? Analytics and dashboards give you pictures of the problem, but not the solution. Meanwhile, consultants are slow and expensive. There are thousands of spend categories, tens of thousands of procedures, and millions of items. Who knows how to save on all of these things? Imagine if you could classify every line, benchmark every item, find every substitution, triage every unprofitable case, and model every scenario across multiple contracts and thousands of procedures and categories like an expert. Talys is a margin-execution system that runs 24/7 to optimize procurement, reduce leakage, and improve case economics.”

Other delta v teams also presented impressive hardware solutions. RBT Resources presented a portable device that simplifies and speeds up blood transfusions, which could be used in hospitals and at the site of traumatic injuries like highways or battlefields.

“Transfusion at the point of injury is an extremely manual process with three key inefficiencies: They are time dependent, gravity dependent, and labor intensive,” explained CEO Anthony Capuano MBA ’26, a former U.S. Navy Seal. “Our goal at RBT Resources is to make transfusions faster and simpler for all medics.”

Gander Robotics developed a low-cost drone submarine that can be used when someone falls overboard on a ship. The hand-thrown, autonomous vessel can sense and travel to the person at sea and give them something to hold onto at the surface, all while providing rescue crews with its exact location.

So-called “man-overboard” situations are surprisingly common on military boats and cruise ships. The device was developed over two years at MIT and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute. “Our autonomous rescue swimmer uses a proprietary technique to search with sonar from underneath the surface, where it’s nice and calm even if there’s a storm raging above,” CEO Michael Autery MBA ’26 explained.

The other teams presenting included:

Alpaca is building an integrated ecosystem of hardware and software to allow individuals to host their own frontier AI models without a subscription.

Banzai is building an AI-powered agent to help homeowners, property managers, and asset managers diagnose home repairs faster, improve repair accuracy, and reduce maintenance costs.

Bizon Labs is building a platform for engineering lipid nanoparticles to deliver advanced medicine anywhere in the body.

Cortheon uses AI design optimization to help foundries make complex metal parts at lower cost and with the design freedom of 3D printing.

Exo AI is helping financial institutions automate back-office processes using AI-native software capable of analyzing messy data and connecting fragmented workflows.

Pixology is using agentic AI to help sales teams create visual, engaging pitch materials faster for media rights deals.

Robox is using AI to develop a design engine for physical automation inside systems integrators, robotics firms, and manufacturers.

The Trade Lab is helping importers navigate shifting tariff regulations across the globe and optimize supply chains.

Measure by measure, studying society accurately

Naoki Egami has become a standout in political methodology, helping refine tools that give scholars durable results.

Let’s agree at the outset the world is a complicated place, and social scientists have exacting jobs when it comes to measuring civic phenomena with precision. 

After all, even careful studies raise follow-up questions: How much do their findings apply in other settings? Do conclusions about politics in one country apply to other countries? If you’re studying voters in a lopsided election, will your findings apply to voters in a close election? Those questions are all a natural part of the research process.

That’s where Naoki Egami comes in. Egami is an MIT political scientist whose specialty is the methodology of research. He carefully scrutinizes, for one thing, what social scientists call “external validity,” whether the results of particular studies apply more generally.

“I always say political methodology is the field where you ask questions as a political scientist, but then you solve them like an applied statistician or an applied computer scientist,” Egami says. “You find out the underlying mathematical problems behind the empirical challenges people face, and solve them optimally.”

As it happens, Egami’s interests range widely. Years ago, before the current artificial intelligence craze, he started studying what happens when AI tools are introduced into studies. How accurate are they? How can researchers account for AI tendencies? Focusing on these and other questions has helped Egami build a broad portfolio of research, win awards, and flourish in his career. All the while, he retains interest in basic questions about politics, as well as measuring things correctly. 

“You need both perspectives,” Egami says. “If you only think about technical statistical theories, you might not work on interesting empirical problems sometimes. But if you only think about problems, you won’t really solve them optimally; you’ll solve them in an ad-hoc way. So, you really want to have both lenses.”

Egami joined MIT’s Department of Political Science as an associate professor with tenure in 2025. He is also a faculty affiliate of the Statistics and Data Science Center at the Institute for Data, Systems, and Society (IDSS).

Workshopping his career

Almost anyone who likes their job has experienced some good fortune in finding it. Egami’s case calls to mind those adages about luck being a mixture of preparation and opportunity. 

Egami grew up in Tokyo and attended the University of Tokyo. He was good at math and physics, but he also liked political philosophy and was unsure how to combine his interests. One day, Egami attended a workshop about U.S. graduate school, which he thought was about MBA programs. Actually, it was about PhD programs, and included a political scientist talking about using math in the field, so Egami asked her a question. 

“The miracle is: That workshop had 200 people in it, and after it was done, I was packing my stuff to go home, and the panelist, who was a PhD student, came down from the stage and found me,” Egami recalls. “She asked, ‘Are you the one who said you’re interested in political science in the U.S., and likes math?’” 

She invited Egami to what he thought would be another career workshop, the following week. Once again, he was mistaken.

“I showed up, and it was an academic seminar,” Egami continues. “There were only 20 people there. It was 19 professors, and me, a first-year undergrad.” Then a professor named Kosuke Imai, now at Harvard University, gave a talk about his own research on using statistics in the social sciences. 

“I was super-excited and felt if I could do even 20 percent of that, it would be a dream,” Egami says. “I talked to Kosuke and said, ‘I want to do what you’re doing.’ He probably thought I was just a random person.”

Egami, thus bolstered, started pursuing the goal of becoming a political scientist. He received his BA after spending a year as an exchange student at the University of Michigan, and applied to graduate schools in the U.S., landing at Princeton University — where Imai eventually became one of his advisors. Working with Imai, Rafaela Dancygier, Brandon Stewart, and others, Egami generated papers on methodological topics like external validity — and found substantial interest when he presented them. 

“That was a case where the audience or market told me what I should really work on,” Egami says. After earning his PhD from Princeton in 2020, he joined the faculty at Columbia University, moving to MIT five years later. 

Enjoying the spirit of MIT

One of the hallmarks of Egami’s work is very close scrutiny of the factors that can influence the results found in empirical studies. 

“In statistics, you talk about whether the people in the data are similar, meaning the population data,” Egami says. “But in political science, there are a lot of differences in context.” 

Consider the question of how much political campaigns sway the minds of voters. Political scientists have sometimes received permission to conduct field experiments in active political campaigns. That’s a significant step toward generating robust results. And yet, not all campaign settings are the same. Politicians may let researchers in when they expect to triumph, and the dynamics in those races might differ from close races. 

“It’s great to do field experiments, and that’s usually where people are allowed to do research,” Egami says. “It’s where politicians know they can win. But most of the time, we’re interested in the battlefield races, the politically competitive districts. And the logic and voter behaviors can be different in those cases.” 

Egami’s job, on one level, is to spot such differences and make other researchers aware of them.

Meanwhile, he has also developed a strong interest in scrutinizing the tools of machine learning, as applied to the social sciences. This predates the elevated interested in AI generated by ChatGPT, starting in late 2022. Some of Egami’s work explores how to systematically identify errors introduced by AI tools and then account for this issue when using AI in research.

“In the past, social science data is something we carefully collect and take a long time to really validate before we analyze it,” Egami says. “But if the generation of data is changing. If people use AI to generate data at scale, it can have errors. So I was already thinking: You want to have statistical methods that take into account these errors, otherwise many of the analyses will not be able to be replicated. That’s how I started to work on a lot of things about AI.” 

All of this has brought Egami recognition and honors in the field. Last year, he received the Emerging Scholar Award from the Society for Political Methodology. He has also been the recipient of best paper awards from the American Political Science Association’s sections for political methodology (in 2019 and 2025), experimental research (in 2024), and political networks (in 2022). Earning awards in three subfields of the discipline speaks to Egami’s scholarly versatility.

In his view, though, the work he does in different areas is ultimately aligned. 

“All these things are in parallel,” Egami says. “I’m trying to start a new research agenda every three to four years. That helps me learn new topics and be motivated.”

Further motivation, he says, comes from being at MIT and liking the experience.

“I already knew MIT was an amazing place I would enjoy,” Egami says. Even so, in his time at MIT, he says, he has gained even more appreciation for the “spirit of engineering,” in the sense of working systematically on solutions to ongoing problems, among other things. In any case, Egami has found the Institute to be a stimulating and congenial place to do his work. 

“People are really nice at MIT,” says Egami, who has been teaching both undergraduate and graduate classes.

He adds: “The Department of Political Science is really high-functioning, people are intensive in terms of their work, but it’s just genuinely nice people.” 

And, yes, that’s one claim about the world Egami does not have to double-check. 

How MIT student communities help develop lifelong skills and connections

Members of the Institute’s fraternities, sororities, and independent living groups translate their MIT experiences into cherished memories, friendships, and lessons about leadership and service.

At the beginning of their first year, many MIT undergraduates choose to join one of the Institute’s 44 fraternities, sororities, or independent living groups (FSILGs), some of which are housed across Cambridge, Boston, and Brookline, Massachusetts.

There are 30 fraternities, nine sororities, and five independent living groups for students to choose from. Nearly 37 percent of undergrads join an FSILG, and these communities offer students more than a place to live, eat, and socialize; they are places where students create friendships, mentor younger students, work with both alumni and MIT administrators, raise funds for local charities, and learn valuable leadership skills.

While each organization has its own set of values, traditions, and membership process, they all share a common goal: creating communities where students can grow both personally and professionally inside and outside of the classroom, while navigating the rigors of an MIT education.

Anya Kattef ’98, director of FSILG Alumni Programs, says, “I can't imagine my MIT experience — or the decades that followed — without the extraordinary community I found in Alpha Phi. Surrounded by smart, compassionate, and driven women, I gained the confidence not only to survive MIT's demanding academic environment, but also to grow as a leader, progressing through the officer roles of athletic chair, house manager, and ultimately president. Beyond the leadership opportunities, the mentorship I received from upperclassmen helped me secure my first summer internship, navigate course selection, and pursue opportunities I might otherwise have overlooked. And perhaps most meaningfully, the friendships I formed through Alpha Phi while at MIT have grown into lifelong bonds that continue to shape and enrich my life.”

Service is a common bond

Liz Jason, associate dean and director of FSILGs at MIT, says “although every organization is unique and has its own personality, service remains a common thread throughout every fraternity and sorority. Many national organizations partner with causes ranging from heart health research and children's hospitals to literacy initiatives. Local chapters then build additional partnerships with organizations throughout Greater Boston, supporting causes such as Rosie's Place, the Boston Area Rape Crisis Center, animal welfare organizations, and other community nonprofits.”

FSILGs often host signature fundraising events tied to philanthropy, while others organize volunteer opportunities throughout the year, such as cleaning up Back Bay alleys, so that it’s woven into the members' experience.

Jason also notes: “Our culturally based fraternities and sororities place a particularly strong emphasis on community service, with some requiring prospective members to demonstrate volunteer work before joining. In addition, some of our national organizations require students to complete at least one semester of college before joining to ensure they have established academic success first.”

Leadership and responsibility

Presidents and leaders of an FSILG take on a large amount of responsibility that goes beyond the scope of organizing social events or fundraisers. They’re managing organizations that function much like a small business.

“Leaders learn soft skills overseeing budgets, coordinating recruitment, mentoring new members, organizing educational programming, and often spend 10 or more hours each week fulfilling leadership responsibilities,” says Jason. “Leaders also learn conflict resolution while navigating disagreements among members or neighboring residents. They practice delegation, budgeting, prioritization, and time management. They gain experience running meetings, communicating with alumni volunteers, and working with senior Institute leaders. They have a seat at the decision-making table. As a leader, if you expect your peers to do something, you need to model and espouse that behavior, too.”

For students living in chapter houses, the responsibilities can extend even further. Leaders learn to manage multimillion-dollar properties. Student leaders coordinate building maintenance, communicate with vendors, oversee safety inspections, organize chores, and help maintain properties that, in some cases, have housed MIT students for more than a century. The student house manager manages the facility, attends training four times a year, where FSILG leadership goes over seasonal items they need to know, such as removing snow from sidewalks and steps, liability insurance, and safety inspections.

As the chapter president of Pi Beta Phi, senior Tea Picconatto says, “My role as president has strengthened my communication, leadership, and conflict-resolution skills. It has also connected me to the broader national organization and provided opportunities to build relationships with members and alumnae across the country. From a professional perspective, the experience has been valuable in demonstrating leadership and responsibility to future employers. I’m certain I was hired for two of my internship roles because of my sorority leadership experience.”

Picconatto adds, “Greek life offers a unique sense of identity, community, and connection to a nationwide network of members and alumnae that continues well after graduation in a way that is not replicated elsewhere on campus. My sorority sisters have always been there to offer emotional support, academic guidance, and encouragement whenever I have needed it.”

At MIT, Alpha Delta Phi Society is a gender-inclusive member of the Institute’s Interfraternity Council. As president, Gabriel Tian, who came to MIT from Toronto, Ontario, sought a community with which to experience MIT. During the first week of school, he was studying at the ADPhi house library late at night and said it felt very natural and productive. He says he thought “this is where I belong,” and pledged shortly after. Tian quickly became involved as academic chair and vice president, and even helped update the chapter's website.

“I have learned so much since Rush — how to be a leader, how to make difficult decisions, how to have hard and personal conversations, how to run a living community with an executive board, how to socialize more effectively to connect with each and every member. Being the president, or any other leadership position, is tough, but so incredibly valuable, and gives me confidence in myself and my ability to care of my community,” says Tian.

“In just two years since joining, I have made lifelong friends. In fact, some of the closest friendships in my life are right here in the siblinghood. The web of connections my chapter offers really enables connections between people who otherwise would not have the opportunity to have even met at MIT. To me, ADP makes MIT all the more brilliant and special.”

After graduating

Long after graduation, many alumni continue volunteering with their chapters, serving on house corporations, mentoring students, and helping preserve traditions for future generations. For many, the relationships formed during college continue throughout their professional and personal lives.

Some families even span multiple generations of FSILG life, with parents and children joining the same FSILG years apart. Others have found lifelong friendships — or even spouses — through their chapter experience.

Cecilia Warpinski Stuopis ’90, the chief health officer at MIT Health, found that when she joined the Alpha Chi Omega sorority while a student, she had an “instant group of peers.”

“I was trying out for the volleyball team, and my teammate invited me to Rush to see what it was about. We both were invited to join. There were about 20 of us in our pledge class, and perhaps 40 women total in the sorority at the time, and I’m still friends with many of my Alpha Chi sisters to this day. We’re a very tight-knit group. Sororities are a very supportive network of people who care about each other.”

Stuopis, whose husband also graduated from MIT, adds, “I became reengaged with the community at MIT as an alum, as a volunteer, and then an advisory board member for Alpha Chi Omega. My daughter came to MIT and pledged Alpha Chi, too, and this allowed me to attend her initiation. I’ve been on the Board of the Association of Independent Living Groups at MIT for the last nine years and recently signed up for another three. At MIT, fraternities or sororities are not like they are portrayed in the movies. They are guided by friendships, developing bonds, and are there to support all aspects of their member’s success — both during their time as students and well into the future.”

Students interested in joining an FSILG can find more information on the website.

MIT makes progress on campus climate goals

Innovative strategies, technologies, and collaborations are helping MIT advance solutions on campus and beyond.

In 2021, MIT set campus decarbonization goals as part of its Fast Forward climate action plan. Five years later, many of those goals have been met or are on track for completion, including efforts to make the Institute’s buildings more efficient, expand rooftop solar installations, and attain net-zero emissions. 

“Decarbonizing our campus goes hand-in-hand with MIT’s playing a leadership role in promoting carbon reduction and climate resilience through its research, innovation, and efforts to inform public policy in this area,” says Glen Shor, executive vice president and treasurer. “Our teams are leveraging that same innovative spirit to meet our campus climate goals.”

Creating an energy-efficient campus

Over the past decade, the Institute has decreased energy use per square foot by more than 10 percent, even as the campus has grown and research activity has intensified. Rooftop solar power generation has increased by more than five times in the same period, with installations added to the Stratton Student Center (Building W20), the Dewey Library (Building E53), the New Vassar undergraduate residence hall (Building W46), Graduate Junction (Buildings W87 and W88), and the theater arts building (Building W97). Thirty-three MIT building projects have earned Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification. And in May, the Tina and Hamid Moghadam Building (Building 55) became MIT’s first Living Future Zero Carbon Certified building.

“We’ve completed more than 300 energy-efficiency projects across campus, focusing on our most energy-intensive research buildings, and ultimately touching nearly every corner of MIT,” notes Joe Higgins, vice president for campus services and stewardship.

Case in point: Building 46, home to the Brain and Cognitive Sciences Complex, and the Metropolitan Storage Warehouse (Building W41), newly home to the School of Architecture and Planning.

Building 46 was identified as one of MIT’s biggest energy users and the building with the greatest carbon-reduction potential. In 2024, the Institute completed a lab-by-lab renovation and improved Building 46’s mechanical systems infrastructure. The result: a 35 percent reduction in building energy use and carbon emissions — roughly a 2 percent reduction in overall campus emissions. 

The newly renovated Met Warehouse, which opened in August, features an innovative heat-recovery system, capturing heat rejected from the campus cooling system and using electric heat pumps to generate heat for the building. Higgins says the system will help inform the design of larger, campus-level heat-recovery systems.

Since 2014, 101 of the 168 buildings on MIT’s Main Campus have undergone energy-efficiency upgrades. The Institute’s 2030 Capital Plan will continue to invest in projects to reduce energy consumption and make efficiency upgrades a core element of all comprehensive building renewal projects. Examples of new projects include further optimizing heat-recovery systems; deploying more sophisticated controls to better manage ventilation, heating, and cooling; and using artificial intelligence to set classroom and office temperatures based on weather forecasts, occupancy patterns, and the forecasted carbon intensity of the regional power grid.

The renovation of Building 39, which is set to be home to a next-generation quantum research laboratory, will incorporate energy-saving features and technologies, including advanced insulation and windows, a smart ventilation system, LED lighting with automatic controls, and heat-recovery systems to maximize efficiency. These integrated systems are projected to dramatically reduce energy use and carbon emissions — cutting them by approximately 70–80 percent relative to the existing building baseline. 

Similarly, the McCormick Hall (Building W4) undergraduate residence hall renovation, which began this summer and is expected to be ready for students by the fall 2028 semester, will add high-performance windows, LED lighting, ventilation energy recovery, and low-flow plumbing fixtures. The project will replace gas cooktops with electric induction, use low-carbon flooring, improve stormwater management, and enhance the courtyard with native plantings, which require less water and maintenance while supporting local biodiversity.

On the path to net zero

MIT’s decarbonization efforts extend well beyond its campus. In recent years, the Institute has entered collaborations to create several large-scale renewable energy projects in regions of the United States where electric grids are still heavily reliant on fossil fuels. Together, these projects avoid over 200,000 tons of carbon dioxide per year, about equal to MIT’s annual direct campus emissions. 

“These projects, within a very short window of time, have had a significant impact on reducing emissions,” says Higgins. “They also put us on track to reach our net-zero target this year.” 

The first of these projects, the Summit Farms 60-megawatt solar farm in North Carolina, went online in 2016. Big Elm Solar in Texas, a 200 MW facility, followed in 2024, and Bowman Wind, a 208 MW wind farm in North Dakota, began operation in December 2025. Together, Big Elm and Bowman represent a landmark collaboration between MIT and 11 Massachusetts nonprofit and public sector organizations, including the City of Cambridge.  

“It’s a new market model that allows smaller organizations and government agencies to achieve greater reductions in carbon emissions that wouldn’t be possible on their own,” says Julie Newman, MIT director of sustainability. 

To capture the broader benefits of these projects, the Office of Sustainability worked with Institute researchers to develop a framework that assesses not only avoided emissions, but also economic and health outcomes. The team found that the projects generate economic benefits comparable to 7,000 one-year construction jobs and 189 maintenance jobs over 20 years. The projects’ annual health benefits are equivalent to 640 people quitting smoking for life, or nearly 200 premature deaths avoided each year for 20 years.

“Greener power sources are one of the building blocks we need to decarbonize our cities and campuses for the long run,” says Higgins. “That’s why we have made decarbonizing regional electricity grids a priority.”

The building blocks of campus decarbonization

To fully decarbonize MIT’s campus, the Institute will need to significantly change how it produces and distributes energy.

Currently, MIT’s Central Utilities Plant (CUP) burns natural gas to create electricity and steam-based heat, while also getting a small amount of electricity from the power grid. Electricity, heat, and air conditioning are distributed to campus buildings through a network of underground power lines and pipes. 

To move away from burning natural gas, and to take advantage of electricity from a greening grid for making heat, MIT is exploring creating a large-scale electric heat pump plant adjacent to the CUP on Vassar Street. The plant, a key building block for a long-term campus decarbonization strategy, will produce hot water and distribute it to campus buildings through a hot water-based heating system. 

“We’re starting the design process now, and in the coming year, we should know more about the scale and phasing of the heat pump plant we would construct, how it would interface with our existing district energy system, and the implementation timetable,” says Vasso Mathes, senior campus planner in the Office of Campus Planning, who is the campus decarbonization program manager. The heat pump plant will aim to recapture waste heat from existing cooling systems, supplying source energy to meet 30 to 40 percent of campus heating needs.

Another critical building block is transitioning MIT’s existing steam-based infrastructure to a hot-water system. That work — already underway — includes replacing steam distribution pipes to buildings with more efficient, easier-to-maintain hot-water pipes and converting buildings from steam to hot-water heat.

The third building block of a campus decarbonization strategy will be MIT’s ability to rely on the power grid for electricity instead of the CUP. “The electricity generated by the CUP is 15 to 20 percent lower in carbon emissions than the New England grid,” says Mathes. “We expect this to change over time as more and more renewables are added to the grid.” Even then, the CUP would be maintained as a backup system for use during peak heating and cooling days and grid stress events.

Finally, “the fourth building block is to go bigger, and look at shared infrastructure and coordinated planning with neighboring institutions and municipal partners,” says Higgins.

In that vein, earlier this year MIT became an anchor institution in the BosTEN Project, a year-long study to explore the feasibility of creating what could become the first city-scale thermal network in the United States. The network would help decrease the carbon footprints of major buildings across Boston and Cambridge, Massachusetts, by harnessing heat from the soil and rock under the Charles River and Boston Harbor, as well as waste heat from buildings and industrial facilities. It would also provide a renewable source of energy that can stabilize and even reduce the costs to heat and cool buildings.

“We’re thinking through how we can not only decarbonize our campus, but also how to use our work as a catalyst for broader strategies and technologies that others could readily employ,” Higgins says. “The unit of change needs to be at the city scale.”

3 Questions: Putting nuclear waste into perspective

Professor Haruko Wainwright believes the risks posed by radioactive wastes cannot be properly assessed without also considering the hazards of chemical wastes.

For decades, one of the major complaints about nuclear power in the United States has been the argument that, after all this time, we still have not come up with a dependable strategy for sequestering high-level radioactive waste, including spent fuel from plant operation. This issue is of such importance that Haruko Wainwright has put it at the center of her research agenda as an Atlantic Richfield Career Development Professor in Energy Studies at MIT and an associate professor in the departments of Nuclear Science and Engineering and Civil and Environmental Engineering. 

In an essay called “The best-managed industrial waste in history,” which appeared in the Aug. 27 issue of the journal Nature, Wainwright made a bold statement, maintaining that an expansion of the nuclear power sector in the United States will benefit the environment, despite the fact that a solution to the permanent disposal of nuclear wastes has yet to be demonstrated in this country. 

In this interview, Wainwright describes risks associated with different forms of waste, ways to improve waste-handling procedures, and what lessons other countries can teach the U.S. in this realm.

Q: Why do you think chemical contaminants pose a greater public health risk than radioactive wastes?

A: I’ve always appreciated the fact that the dangers of radiation were recognized relatively early in the 20th century, prior to the widespread use of nuclear technologies. By the time an industry emerged, radiation protection standards were reasonably well established, including waste management. While nuclear power plants inevitably produce highly radioactive spent fuel, it is both solid and compact, making it relatively easy to contain and isolate from the environment. It took time to develop a disposal solution because people were pursuing a perfect one. Now, several countries are demonstrating that effective isolation over geological timescales is feasible. Finland, in fact, is about to open the world’s first deep geological repository for spent fuel.

Chemical contaminants present a different story. For many substances, like hexavalent chromium and PFAS (“forever chemicals”), the risks were identified long after they’d been released, having spread widely through the environment, food chains, and human bodies. PFAS, for example, has been used in industry and consumer products since the 1940s, yet the first federal drinking water standards were not adopted until 2024. Chemical hazardous wastes — including substances that degrade very slowly or not at all — are disposed of in the shallow subsurface without the requirement of long-term predictive assessments.

This is not to suggest that radioactive wastes are without risk. However, public perception is often disproportionately focused on — often hypothetical — nuclear hazards, while underestimating the dangers posed by chemical wastes. This misalignment actually has an adverse effect on the environment and public health. It leads to the misallocation of resources, diverting funding — including taxpayer dollars — away from worrisome contaminants whose environmental and public health consequences are already occurring. 

Q: How can we improve our procedures for storing spent fuel as more nuclear power plants come into operation around the world?

A: The nuclear industry is becoming increasingly proactive about waste management. Some companies, for example, now incorporate spent fuel storage capacity directly into their power plant designs, formulating plans that cover the entire operating period. Research on waste streams from advanced reactors — and even fusion reactors — is also growing. This approach of thinking about wastes before any are produced — what I call “design from the wastes up” — is critical for long-term sustainability.

Although further technical advances are surely needed, communication remains another area with significant room for improvement. Transparent monitoring programs and effective communications have been shown to build public confidence and provide assurance. Additionally, I believe we should place a greater focus on the inherent properties of radionuclides, including their risk pathways and mobility. Long-lived radionuclides are weakly radioactive and emit little or no penetrating radiation; their health risks are associated with ingestion or inhalation, analogous to chemical carcinogens. Most radionuclides, including plutonium, have low solubility and a high affinity for soil particles, limiting their mobility in the environment.

Current research on spent fuel storage has been devoted mainly to the integrity of the metal canisters used to contain spent fuel. Attention should also be directed toward developing predictive understanding of radionuclide transport and about geochemical barriers to the spread of radioactivity in the unlikely event of a containment breach. These approaches would exploit the natural immobility of radionuclides to afford additional layers of protection — in keeping with the nuclear industry’s recent embrace of passive safety features.

Q: How can the United States move toward the permanent disposal of nuclear wastes, and what can we learn from the European and Canadian examples? 

A: Many people tend to dwell on political and social issues, while the underlying science is frequently left out of the conversation. Fundamental questions — regarding the true dangers of radioactive materials and the feasibility of safe geological disposal — often go unanswered, leaving nuclear waste a vague, almost mythological threat, rather than a technical and engineering problem.

In fact, many people in geoscience believe that the failure of Yucca Mountain — the proposed geological repository for high-level radioactive wastes in the U.S. — stemmed from the fact that the site was chosen for political rather than scientific reasons. In 1987, Congress amended the Nuclear Waste Policy Act to confine site characterization to a single location, abandoning the original plan to screen multiple candidates. This top-down decision, widely dubbed the "Screw Nevada Bill," generated vehement local opposition. In addition, Yucca Mountain is the only proposed repository in the world situated above the groundwater table and within a zone of fractured igneous rock, where radionuclides are relatively mobile. Demonstrating its long-term safety is, consequently, much more difficult than for other proposed repositories.

Europe's approach to waste disposal offers a stark contrast. Switzerland, for example, identified a preferred site after a transparent, scientific evaluation of multiple candidates based on technical criteria, earning community acceptance as a result. Sweden and Finland built trust through decades of patient consultations with the public. And in Canada, more than 10 communities voluntarily expressed interest in hosting a repository before one favored site was ultimately selected.

Another underappreciated difference relates to how public concerns are handled. In the U.S., worries about radiation and radioactive waste have often been brushed aside by experts. In Europe, communication professionals and experts are trained to address every concern sincerely, offering understandable, science-based explanations. Discussing those concerns, moreover, can provide valuable opportunities to identify knowledge gaps and improve safety.

I believe that selecting a geologically sound site and communicating the science clearly — in terms that anyone can grasp — are the essential first steps toward achieving the permanent and safe disposal of nuclear waste.

Marine bacteria team up to break down one of the ocean's toughest carbon-storing molecules

Researchers reveal how communities of marine bacteria divide the task of degrading fucoidan, a key player in ocean carbon storage.

Deep in the ocean, brown algae and diatoms produce a complex carbohydrate molecule called fucoidan, which helps form the algae's protective outer layer. The fucoidan molecule is very difficult for microbes to break down because its chemical structure may include dozens of different linkages and branching patterns that vary from one algae species to another. This resistance to decay is one reason why fucoidan matters; when microbes struggle to break it down, fucoidan can sink deep into the ocean, carrying carbon with it and potentially storing it for long periods. This could make fucoidan an important player in the ocean’s carbon cycle.

For many years, scientists knew of individual bacteria that could break down pieces of fucoidan. But one fundamental question remained unanswered: Could a microbial community break it down completely, and if so, how?

A new open-access study published in Nature, led by Andreas Sichert, a former MIT postdoc now at ETH Zurich, and Otto X. Cordero, associate professor of civil and environmental engineering at MIT, provides an answer.

"No single bacterium can finish the job," says Cordero. "Instead, fucoidan is degraded through teamwork. Different bacterial strains specialize in different parts of the molecule, and together, their combined efforts get the job done far more efficiently than any one organism could manage alone."

A puzzle with 453 pieces

In order to understand how fucoidan breaks down in nature, the research team enriched a fucoidan-degrading bacterial community from coastal seawater samples. What they found was staggering: more than 453 different genes, each responsible for making an enzyme that can act on fucoidan, spread across eight bacterial strains the researchers isolated. On their own, none of these strains could fully break down the molecule.

But when the researchers used a new, rapid mass-spectrometry method, they were able to observe how bacteria consumed individual sugar building blocks — and a clear pattern emerged. All of that genetic complexity could be reduced to two roles. Some bacterial strains specialized in degrading fucoidan's fucose-rich "backbone," while others specialized in removing its side branches, which contain less-common sugars such as xylose and galactose.

When strains playing both roles were combined, something noteworthy happened: degradation didn't simply add up. Instead, it became synergistic and exceeded what the bacteria's individual activities could predict. The more complementary the strains' preference for sugar were, the stronger the effect became. In some cases, the paired communities came close to completely degrading the complex polysaccharide.

"The breakdown of one of the ocean's most abundant carbon pools rests on a division of labor," says Cordero, "not between particular strains, but between functional roles."

Turning complexity into predictability

The most surprising result was that this division of labor made the system much more predictable than its underlying complexity indicated.

The researchers developed a simple model that sorted bacterial activity into two broad categories: fucose, and the rarer sugars found in fucoidan's side chains. They trained the model using data from small communities containing just one to three bacterial strains.

The simplified model was able to predict degradation in communities containing up to seven strains, and its predictions also generalized to nine structurally different fucoidans from other kinds of algae.

"A predictive understanding of a complex system need not come from characterizing each of its parts," adds Cordero, "but from finding the right simplification." The finding suggests that scientists may be able to predict how efficiently other complex, carbon-rich biological materials are broken down in nature, even when their exact chemistry and the enzymes involved are only partly understood.

The researchers also found that bacteria with complementary capabilities often occurred together in samples taken from the natural ocean, suggesting that the division of labor observed in the laboratory may also play a role in the ocean.

The consequences extend well beyond the field of microbiology. 

The researchers propose a concept they call "diversity-limited degradation," in which the absence of the right combination of complementary bacterial specialists allows fucoidan to persist for longer instead of being broken down. This concept may help explain why some algal carbon stays in the ocean for extended periods, contributing to long-term carbon storage.

For biotechnology, the takeaway is more straightforward. Instead of engineering a single "superbug" that can digest tough and complex biomass, a more promising approach may be to bring together teams of microbes that already specialize in complementary tasks. These teams could potentially be used to process brown algal biomass and other complex polysaccharides on a larger scale.

Looking ahead

The broader promise, though, may lie in the approach, rather than the molecule. If hundreds of uncharacterized enzymes can be reduced to two measurable traits, the same strategy might work for other biopolymers whose chemistry has so far resisted description — and, more generally, for predicting what microbial communities do. 

"Here was a system with hundreds of enzymes acting on a molecule we still can't fully describe, and it turned out to be far more tractable than anyone expected," says Cordero. "What we found is that there's a level of organization above the individual enzyme, corresponding to traits we can measure and plug into simple models that predict function from (genomic) composition. When biology looks intractable, it may be that we haven't found the right level of description yet."

One question the work leaves open is a fundamental one. Fucoidan is abundant, and has been for a very long time, so why has no bacterium evolved to eat it whole? The researchers suggest answers on two levels: constraints within sugar metabolism itself, and evolutionary dynamics in which complementary specialists are continually regenerated rather than merged into one.

"Really, this is a question about how life on Earth is organized," says Cordero. "Why are the biochemical functions that drive the planet's elemental cycles distributed across many organisms instead of concentrated in a few? Explaining that is, I think, one of the frontiers of the life sciences."

In addition to Cordero and Sichert, the research team included co-authors from ETH Zurich, the University of Vienna, and the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research.

The work was supported by Simons Foundation through the Principles of Microbial Ecosystems (PRIME) collaboration.

New method enables AI for safety-critical situations

The “HardFlow” algorithm could help generative AI models produce high-quality outputs that obey strict requirements when “pretty close” doesn’t cut it.

MIT researchers have developed a new technique that helps generative artificial intelligence models find solutions to high-stakes problems.

In these settings, a plausible answer is not enough: The output often must also satisfy nonnegotiable safety, physical, or task-specific requirements, known as hard constraints.

The researchers developed a method that helps generative models meet these strict requirements without sacrificing the quality of their outputs. 

The key to their technique is to give the model more freedom during the generation process and enforce hard constraints on the final output, rather than at every intermediate step. 

In experiments spanning robotics, control of physical processes, and computer vision, the new method consistently satisfied the required constraints while identifying better solutions than existing techniques. 

This adaptable, plug-and-play technique works at deployment time, so it can be applied to pretrained generative models without retraining them. It can make such models more useful in applications where safety rules, physical laws, or other strict requirements cannot be violated. 

“The promise of generative AI is its ability to explore a rich space of possibilities, but the real world places boundaries on which possibilities are acceptable. Our approach lets us preserve that generative power while enforcing the nonnegotiable requirements of high-stakes or safety-critical applications,” says Navid Azizan, the Alfred H. and Jean M. Hayes Career Development Associate Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering and the Institute for Data, Systems, and Society (IDSS), a principal investigator of the Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems (LIDS), and the senior author of a paper on this technique.

Azizan is joined on the paper by lead author Zeyang Li, a graduate student in mechanical engineering and LIDS; and Kaveh Alim, a graduate student in IDSS and LIDS. The research appears this week in the IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

Freedom to explore

Pretrained generative AI models, such as diffusion models like Stable Diffusion and flow-matching models like FLUX, are now widely available. These powerful models learn to create new data by transforming random noise. Their availability has enabled people to adapt them to a wide range of applications.

These highly capable models excel at providing answers that come close to satisfying most queries, but in safety-critical applications like robot path planning on a crowded factory floor, an answer that is “nearly correct” may not be good enough. 

For instance, a “nearly correct” path from one machine to another might still result in the robot colliding with a human co-worker.

In such safety-critical applications, users often employ a technique called projection-based sampling, which repeatedly forces the model’s partial solutions, called intermediate samples, to satisfy strict requirements during the generation process.

But constraining the entire generation process can prevent the model from reaching a better final solution. These methods also typically focus only on satisfying the hard constraints, missing the opportunity to improve other qualities of the solution, like reducing the length of the robot’s trajectory.

“For constraint satisfaction, what ultimately matters is the model’s final output, since the internal process is discarded. By not requiring every intermediate step to satisfy the constraints, we give the model more freedom to find high-quality solutions that are still feasible in the end,” says Li. 

The researchers developed an algorithm called HardFlow that steers the sampling process so that the final output satisfies the user’s hard constraints without being overly restrictive and is of higher quality.

Subtle steering

HardFlow reformulates hard-constrained sampling as a trajectory-optimization problem, using tools from the field of optimal control. This enables the framework to steer the model’s sampling trajectory toward a goal, making subtle corrections along the way while enforcing hard constraints on the final output.

“Control theory gives us a powerful framework for formalizing the optimal way of making these corrections,” Azizan says.

But solving the trajectory-optimization problem around an enormous neural network was no easy task. The model may have hundreds of interconnected layers that process data.

To make the problem tractable, the researchers leveraged the structure of flow-matching models to decompose the problem into a sequence of smaller, single-step subproblems. They then applied systematic transformations and approximations to derive an efficient, scalable algorithm that still finds a feasible solution. 

“Essentially, we transformed the trajectory-optimization problem into something that preserves the key properties of the original problem, but can be solved very efficiently at deployment time,” Azizan adds.

Reformulating the task as an optimization problem allows HardFlow to incorporate additional goals that can improve the quality of the final answer. For instance, HardFlow could find a collision-free path for a robot that is also the shortest distance to its goal.

“Our framework can jointly handle both aspects, which helps it perform much better than existing methods,” says Li.

Across experiments in robotic manipulation, maze navigation, and text-guided image editing, HardFlow achieved perfect constraint satisfaction while consistently outperforming baseline methods on measures of solution quality. 

For example, it enabled a robotic manipulator to avoid collisions with obstacles while also finding the quickest path to the target object. Most other methods either resulted in collisions or found paths that took significantly more time.

In addition, HardFlow’s computation time was comparable to or lower than that of most competing methods.

In the future, the researchers could extend the framework to settings in which the AI model itself can also be updated, so that constraint satisfaction and sample quality can be improved in a more adaptive manner. 

MIT spinout turns plastic waste into resilient building materials

Atlas Building Composites is commercializing MIT research to turn plastic waste into parts for buildings and other infrastructure.

The world needs more homes. The world also has too much plastic. Perhaps the only thing those two problems have in common is that they’re hard to solve.

Atlas Building Composites, a spinout of MIT, is on a mission to address both problems with a single solution. The company has developed an AI-powered robotic manufacturing platform capable of turning single-use plastics into durable building materials.

The company emerged from MIT HAUS, a research effort in the MIT Department of Mechanical Engineering that’s short for “Home Architecture for Universal Sustainability.” Atlas uses waterless plastic recycling and large-scale composite additive manufacturing technology to make parts like home foundations, decks, and trusses for walls, floors, and roofs.

“Our mission is to convert waste plastic pollution into durable composites to build 1 billion homes,” says Atlas chair and co-founder A.J. Perez ’13, MNG ’14, PhD ’23, who is also an MIT research scientist. “You can’t divorce these things from each other. We’re not here just to build homes, and we’re not here just to recycle plastic. The conventional way of building homes involves cutting down trees, mining, refining, and a bunch of other dirty activities. We want to avoid all that and address all the plastic bound for our oceans and landfills. We’re turning bottles into buildings.”

Atlas’ parts are already being used to support barns, sheds, decks, and docks. Most recently, the company supplied the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers with American-made recycled composite trusses to construct a 40-foot bridge in a Massachusetts wetland.

Perez and Atlas co-founder Matt Pouliot envision deploying thousands of their AI robotic production systems around the world. A key enabler for that scale is the company’s ability to recycle low-grade plastic into building components without water.

“This is key to democratizing recycling,” Perez says. “Now, every country around the world, regardless of their water access, will be able to do something about their plastic. We strive to study these issues in the real world, not just a lab. When you talk to government officials about creating a new recycling facility, they have to get the local water agency involved, there’s permitting, etc. A lot of that work disappears with the waterless recycling process.”

Research for impact

Since earning his PhD at MIT, Perez has been developing advanced fabrication techniques for homes and new techniques for plastic recycling. In 2019, he started MIT HAUS with David Hardt, MIT’s Ralph E. and Eloise F. Cross Professor in Manufacturing.

“It started with the simple mission of enabling the production of 1 billion homes over a 30-year period,” Perez says. “Then we realized how much the materials needed for those homes would strain global supply chains.”

Perez says building those homes using conventional methods would require a doubling of global production capacity for materials like concrete, not to mention a dramatic acceleration of global deforestation.

“That’s where the light bulb went off,” Perez says. “There’s this other problem humanity has, which is 8 gigatons of plastic that have been produced and are polluting our oceans, rivers, and cities. We decided to plug two really big, hairy problems together.”

Perez met Pouliot, a former Maine senator, and the pair started Atlas to commercialize the technology Perez had been developing at MIT. The founders worked with MIT’s Technology Licensing Office and have since worked with researchers at other universities to independently develop technology for the company’s robotic manufacturing platform, which the founders call the Atlas Factory Stack.

First, single-use plastic from water bottles and other objects is shredded and fed into the Atlas system, where it is melted and fused with American-made fiberglass to make it stronger than wood. From there, a large-scale 3D printer creates the parts, including trusses for floors, walls, roofs, and bridges.

Through research at MIT, Perez has shown large composite trusses can be printed in under 13 minutes and support over 4,000 pounds, exceeding key building standards.

“At MIT, we’ve demonstrated we can produce 60 to 80 pounds of parts per hour, and the systems we’re specifying in Atlas factories operate in the 150 to 200 pound per hour range,” Perez says. “There’s the potential for our robotic manufacturing platform to produce each part at a lower cost than injection molding, and it’s far more flexible and convenient. For example,  we can manufacture the parts in the reverse order so that they’ll be placed on the finished goods pallet next to the machine.”

The founders envision Atlas as a technology provider enabling the creation of home factories close to wherever homes need to be built. Today, each Atlas factory cell is capable of producing the structural framing components for about one small home per day.

“The old way of doing things would be some huge factory in China would mass produce one type of part and ship it far away,” Perez says. “I don’t think that’s good for the planet. Another reason we don’t use injection molding is economic: Mega factories don’t produce as many jobs and have a much higher carbon footprint. We want this to be localized to benefit local communities. The plastic is already everywhere. The more local Atlas is, the lower the cost and footprint.”

Going global

Plastics last far longer than wood, especially for applications where they’re in contact with the ground or water. That adds to the company’s environmental benefits.

“If you get a material into the building world and it does its job, it’s going to be used for a very long time and not need to be recycled again for a very long time,” Pouliot says. “That’s important because when you recycle something over and over again, it degrades. This is one of the most sustainable use cases for recycled petrochemical products.”

Atlas’ bridge with the Army Corps of Engineers was installed in less than a day. The founders are also in talks with international franchise partners to deploy the Atlas Factory Stack across the globe.

“To accomplish our mission, I fundamentally believe it’s not going to be one far-away company dominating the industry,” Perez says. “It’s going to be every country leveraging Atlas Factory Stacks to create local recycling jobs, local factory jobs, local construction jobs, and to stimulate their economies with local materials.”

Lifesaving Lincoln Laboratory device wins 2026 Excellence in Technology Transfer Award

The handheld catheterization device AI-GUIDE, created by Lincoln Laboratory and Massachusetts General Hospital, promises improved health outcomes for injured service members and civilians.

The Federal Laboratory Consortium (FLC) selected AI-GUIDE, a medical device developed by MIT Lincoln Laboratory and Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), for its 2026 Excellence in Technology Transfer Award. This award recognizes federal laboratories and collaborators who have accomplished outstanding work in the process of transferring technology. With funding from the U.S. Army's Combat Casualty Care Research Program (CCC), Lincoln Laboratory and MGH developed AI-GUIDE and are in the process of transferring the prototype to the startup company AutonomUS Medical Technologies, Inc.

"This recognition reflects what effective technology transfer looks like — aligning the Army's operational need with Mass General's clinical expertise and Lincoln Laboratory's engineering capabilities to deliver a solution with a clear path to impact. The transition to AutonomUS underscores how strong partnerships can carry a technology from development into real-world adoption," says Asha Rajagopal, Lincoln Laboratory's chief technology transfer officer. 

AI-GUIDE's transition to industry promises improved health outcomes for injured service members and civilians. Unlike ultrasound devices typically found in hospitals, AI-GUIDE is small and portable, making it ideal for use in pre-hospital settings. Pairing custom-developed AI software with commercial handheld ultrasound technology, AI-GUIDE helps the user insert a guidewire and catheter into a patient's blood vessel. This capability is especially important for U.S. military medics, who must keep injured soldiers alive in the field — sometimes for days — before they can be evacuated to a hospital. AI-GUIDE allows medics with minimal specialized training to administer medical interventions that would otherwise be impossible outside of the hospital, drastically improving patients’ chances of survival. 

The AI-GUIDE project has served as a framework for effective technology development and transfer. Within just three years, AI-GUIDE went from an idea proposed by CCC to a fully working proof-of-concept technology with its own startup company. Once the prototype was developed, clinical testing at MGH proved its viability, and Lincoln Laboratory and MGH staff then founded AutonomUS Medical Technologies to facilitate the commercialization process. With support from the MIT Technology Licensing Office, Lincoln Laboratory Technology Transfer Office, and CCC, the company secured U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Breakthrough Device Designation, a regulatory fast-track pathway that is only granted to highly innovative technologies with lifesaving potential, as well as a Small Business Innovation Research grant from the U.S. Department of the Air Force and funding from private investors, the Department of War, and the National Institutes of Health. 

These strong technology transfer collaborations are designed to streamline the transfer process, ensuring that lifesaving capabilities can be made available to military personnel and civilians as quickly as possible. While much of the initial work on vascular access has already been transferred, the AI-GUIDE team continues to develop and transition additional capabilities, including peripheral nerve block technology for trauma care and pain management. AI-GUIDE has previously been recognized with a Lincoln Laboratory Best Invention Award and an R&D 100 Award. 

"Lincoln Laboratory has a long record of transferring technology to industry. We are honored and proud to be recognized for the transfer of AI‑GUIDE and look forward to seeing the technology commercialized and saving lives in the field. This achievement reflects the strength of the partnership among the Defense Health Agency, Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, and AutonomUS Medical Technologies," says Samuel Kesner, a technical staff member in the Systems Engineering Group, who currently oversees the AI-GUIDE program at Lincoln Laboratory. 

Winning team members from the laboratory include Brian Telfer, Samuel Kesner, Lars Gjesteby, Joshua Werblin, Benjamin Roop, Alec Carruthers, Nancy DeLosa, and former Lincoln Laboratory staff members Matt Johnson (now the vice president of engineering at AutonomUS) and Laura Brattain (now an associate professor at the University of Central Florida). Asha Rajagopal, Jordan Mizerak, Melly Coronado, and Jonathan Dan supported technology transfer efforts.

MIT Schwarzman College of Computing launches pilot to help educators teach AI across disciplines

A weeklong summer workshop brought higher education faculty to campus to explore how AI and machine learning materials can be adapted for their classrooms.

This summer, the MIT Schwarzman College of Computing welcomed faculty from colleges and universities across Greater Boston, South Carolina, West Virginia, and Texas to campus for the inaugural AI Educators Pilot, a weeklong workshop aimed at expanding how artificial intelligence is taught across disciplines and learning environments. 

Inspired by MIT class C01/C51 (Modeling with Machine Learning), a course developed through the Common Ground for computing and AI education that focuses on helping students understand and apply foundational AI and machine learning concepts to problem-solving in their own disciplines, the workshop gave educators an opportunity to explore how its materials and teaching methods could be adapted for their classrooms. 

“The broader goal is to expand AI education to more students by investing in training for instructors,” says Dan Huttenlocher, dean of the MIT Schwarzman College of Computing and the Panasonic Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS).

“We want to empower students to become critical thinkers about AI, not just users of the technology,” says Asu Ozdaglar, deputy dean of academics for the MIT Schwarzman College and department head of EECS.

A collaborative model for expanding AI education

Bringing the program to life required broad collaboration across the college, including support from leadership, staff, and contributions from more than half a dozen instructors in fields ranging from finance and computer science to sustainability. Together, they helped shape a workshop that paired core technical concepts with examples and teaching materials adaptable to a range of classroom settings.

“I have not seen an effort quite like it — this many dedicated instructors assembling materials of this richness, all to equip the educators who serve their students,” says Saurabh Amin, the Edmund K. Turner Professor in Civil Engineering and faculty director of the AI Educators Pilot. Amin is also co-director of the Operations Research Center, which is jointly housed within the MIT Schwarzman College of Computing and MIT Sloan School of Management.

With support provided by Jake and Robin Reynolds, the pilot brought together 19 participants in July from Allen University, Babson College, Brandeis University, Marshall University, the University of Massachusetts at Lowell, the University of North Texas, and Wentworth Institute of Technology. Working alongside MIT faculty and instructors, participants explored the pedagogy behind Modeling with Machine Learning through a mix of demos, videos, and exercises, and collaborated in hands-on activities focused on translating the course’s materials and methods to their own classrooms.

“This opportunity has been very timely because we are starting an AI and data science program in my department,” says Wenjin Zhou, assistant professor of computer science at UMass Lowell. “We’ve already been thinking about: How do we teach our next generation of computer scientists within the area of AI? How do we integrate AI in the teaching? I wanted to learn more about how other people are doing it, and especially answer the question: If AI can create tools for anyone now, what does a computer scientist do?”

Moving beyond the black box

When it comes to AI, Amin notes, there is no shortage of high-quality material. What is usually missing is context: Opportunities for instructors and students to connect AI concepts to specific disciplines, problems, and ways of thinking. Those connections are often built through dialogue and reasoning, rather than by presenting AI as a fixed set of ideas to be received. But instructor capacity remains one of the scarcest resources.

“What is scarce are educators prepared to teach AI as more than a fixed body of concepts and tools, to ground it in their own field, help students use it with judgment, and demystify it, so students do not just apply models but learn to question, adapt, and build with them,” explains Amin.

Shen Shen, an EECS lecturer and one of the workshop instructors, adds, “How do we make sure that machine learning is not just a black box, nor this magic piece of new technology? You can think of it as a tool, or a new framing to help you solve the problem in your specific domain.”

From pilot workshop to educator network

Participants ended the week by reflecting on which workshop materials and teaching approaches they planned to adapt for their disciplines and courses. Their feedback will help shape future iterations of the pilot and support the development of a broader network of educators committed to expanding AI education across diverse learning environments.

Weijie Pang, an assistant professor of computer science at the Wentworth Institute of Technology who attended the workshop, looks most forward to ongoing community building activities. “This is a really valuable opportunity to communicate with other faculty from different majors and areas. I can see what other universities are doing and what we can learn from each other,” she says.

“It's helpful to know that everybody within different disciplines at different universities is struggling with the same questions of how we can best serve our students as the technology is changing. Hopefully, we can set them up for success by being a little bit more forward and anticipatory of what the AI use is going to be,” says Dylan Cashman, an assistant professor of computer science at Brandeis University.

A burst of “pink noise” may lead to more restorative sleep

Delivered at just the right time, this type of auditory stimulus can strengthen the flow of cerebrospinal fluid, which clears debris from the brain and keeps it healthy.

During the day, waste products such as lactic acid and worn-out proteins build up in the brain. When we sleep at night, waves of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) help to wash away this waste, keeping the brain healthy.

In a new study, MIT researchers have shown that they can strengthen these CSF waves through exposure to short bursts of a gentle, staticky sound known as “pink noise” during sleep. These bursts increase the amplitude of slow electrical waves in the brain, which then enlarges the CSF waves.

The researchers now hope to explore whether this enhanced CSF flow could help to boost cognitive function, improve memory, or even slow the progression of neurodegenerative diseases caused by the buildup of harmful proteins such as amyloid beta.

“We found that we were able to increase the size of the CSF flow wave during sleep, which as far as we know, there hasn’t been a method to do before. Now that we can enhance CSF flow during sleep in healthy adults, we’re really excited to bring this technology to clinical populations to see what effects we can have,” says Laura Lewis, the Athinoula A. Martinos Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, a member of MIT’s Institute for Medical Engineering and Science and the Research Laboratory of Electronics, and an associate member of the Picower Institute for Learning and Memory. 

Lewis is the senior author of the study, which appears today in Science Translational Medicine. Joshua Levitt, who recently earned his PhD from Boston University and was a visiting graduate student in Lewis’ lab, is the paper’s lead author.

Cleaning up the brain

Cerebrospinal fluid is a clear liquid that surrounds and cushions the brain and spinal cord. In addition to protecting the brain from injury, it also helps provide nutrients such as glucose and removes waste products secreted by brain cells as they burn energy.

In 2019, Lewis reported a way to use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure CSF waves as they flow in and out of the brain during sleep. That study showed that these waves are tightly coupled with brain waves called slow waves, which are associated with deep sleep.

In the new study, she wanted to further explore the relationship between brain waves and CSF flow, and investigate whether manipulating brain waves might enhance CSF flow. Previous work had already shown that delivering an auditory stimulus at the peak of slow waves can deepen the waves.

“You can make more of these electrical slow waves through an auditory stimulus, if it comes at just the right time. Similar to a child on a swing, if you push them when they’re at the right moment in their movement, you can make that swing go farther,” Lewis says. “The challenge is: How do you find just the right time?”

The auditory stimulus used for this study is a 50-millisecond burst of pink noise. Similar to white noise, pink noise contains all sound frequencies audible to the human ear, but the lower pitch frequencies are louder and the higher pitch frequencies are softer. This creates a balanced, gentle sound similar to steady rain or a distant waterfall.

To deliver these bursts at the peak of the brain’s slow waves, the researchers had to measure each participant’s EEG activity as they slept. This proved challenging because they also needed to measure fMRI signals to monitor CSF flow, and the magnetic fields used for fMRI interfere with EEG signals.

To overcome that, the researchers developed a way to process the EEG signals to eliminate the noise caused by fMRI, very rapidly — in less than 100 milliseconds. To make up for that small lag time in the EEG measurement, they also developed an algorithm that could predict when the slow wave peaks would occur. This allowed them to deliver the pink noise stimulus at the correct time.

More restorative sleep

In tests of 14 healthy volunteers, the researchers found that the auditory stimulus they delivered — which is not loud enough to wake a sleeping person — increased the amplitude of both the slow electrical waves and the CSF waves, during sleep.

Their fMRI studies also revealed that the slow waves stimulate blood vessels to constrict and dilate, allowing them to act as a pump that drives CSF out of the brain. Slow waves are seen only during non-REM sleep, and they become more prominent in deeper stages of sleep.

The researchers now hope to study whether enhancing CSF flow could help people to get more restorative sleep, especially people with insomnia. They also plan to explore whether increasing the flow of CSF, and the removal of waste products from the brain, could help people with Alzheimer’s and other diseases characterized by buildup of harmful proteins. 

“Brain waste clearance is really important for Alzheimer’s and other forms of dementia, which are caused, in part, by the buildup of molecules like amyloid and tau in the brain. If we can improve brain waste clearance, we may be able to help prevent the buildups of these plaques that lead to disease,” Levitt says.

Levitt has started a company that hopes to develop a device, such as a headband, that people could use at home to increase CSF flow by delivering an auditory stimulus at the right time. 

The research was funded by a McKnight Scholar Award, a Sloan Fellowship, a Pew Biomedical Scholars Award, the Simons Foundation Collaboration on Plasticity in the Aging Brain, the MIT EECS Transformative Research Fund, the National Institutes of Health, the Corundum Convergence Institute, and the Panasonic Well Fellowship for AI and Wellness.

An electrochemical approach turns ammonia into pure hydrogen

An MIT team has demonstrated a more efficient way to extract pure hydrogen gas from hydrogen carrier molecules.

As a liquid that is easily stored and transported, ammonia (NH₃) is an attractive carrier for hydrogen, which is used in fuel cells, semiconductor manufacturing, chemical processing, and other applications. However, breaking ammonia into hydrogen and nitrogen typically requires high temperatures, and the resulting gas mixture must undergo additional purification before the hydrogen can be used in many applications. 

MIT researchers have now developed an electrochemical approach to promote hydrogen release from ammonia while simultaneously separating and concentrating the hydrogen into a high-purity stream. Their strategy, which uses electricity to speed up the extraction, reduces the temperature and energy required to recover hydrogen from ammonia and other hydrogen carriers.

In a new study, the researchers showed that their approach can generate highly concentrated, pure streams of hydrogen.

“We have shown the ability to use electrochemistry to drive thermodynamically uphill and kinetically difficult dehydrogenation reactions,” says Yogesh Surendranath, the Donner Professor of Science and a professor of chemistry and chemical engineering. “In this case, we studied the conversion of ammonia and a liquid organic molecule because of their importance as possible hydrogen carriers for a hydrogen economy. But the concepts we learned here could in principle be translated further, and we’re actively working on translating it to other important dehydrogenation reactions.”

Surendranath is the corresponding author of the study, which appears today in Nature. MIT postdoc Rui Zeng, now a professor of materials science and engineering at Harbin Institute of Technology in Shenzhen, China, is the paper’s lead author.

Extracting hydrogen

Hydrogen is widely used in semiconductor manufacturing and chemical processing and is also an energy carrier in fuel cells that use hydrogen and oxygen to generate electricity without combustion. Expanding its use, however, will require practical ways to store and distribute it.

Hydrogen gas itself is difficult to transport efficiently without compression or liquefaction. One alternative is to store hydrogen chemically in compounds that are liquids or can be readily liquefied, then release it where and when it is needed.

Ammonia is one promising hydrogen carrier because it is already produced and transported across large distances, but recovering hydrogen from ammonia remains challenging. That process, known as “cracking,” requires temperatures higher than 500 degrees Celsius to achieve high reaction rates and conversion. The hydrogen must then be separated from nitrogen and unreacted ammonia.

“We wanted to ask whether we could use electrical inputs to drive what would otherwise be an unfavorable dehydrogenation reaction, and simultaneously do it in a way that would separate the hydrogen from the hydrogen carrier, so that it would be very pure and could be used directly in a fuel cell or other application that requires a high purity hydrogen stream,” Surendranath says. 

The key element of the researchers’ new design is the coupling of a palladium-based separation membrane with a hydrogen-generating electrode through a molten hydroxide electrolyte. The separation membrane selectively transports hydrogen while preventing other components of the reaction mixture from passing through.

Using the new setup, ammonia is first dehydrogenated by a catalyst containing ruthenium and cesium. The hydrogen then reaches the separation membrane, whose opposite side is in contact with a molten hydroxide electrolyte. 

The electrochemical gradient across this membrane effectively creates a “vacuum” for hydrogen, providing a strong driving force for its transport across the membrane. It also converts the hydrogen into protons and electrons, which travel separately through the molten electrolyte and external circuit, respectively, before recombining at a second electrode to form hydrogen gas. 

Because the membrane selectively transports hydrogen, the system produces a concentrated stream of hydrogen gas without requiring a separate downstream purification process.

“Using this electrochemical process, we’re able to do this active pumping of hydrogen from a low concentration to a high concentration,” Surendranath says.

Continuously extracting hydrogen can also help drive the dehydrogenation reaction forward, especially when the presence of hydrogen inhibits the reaction. In this way, this strategy does more than separate the product: It changes the reaction environment and enables hydrogen recovery under milder conditions.

This process thus can be performed at temperatures around 200 or 300 degrees Celsius, much lower than those required for conventional ammonia cracking. Another advantage is that it creates a pure stream of hydrogen that doesn’t need to be purified later on — a step that requires additional energy.

Curtis Berlinguette, a professor of chemistry and chemical and biological engineering at the University of British Columbia, described the method as “a powerful new way” to solve the problem of obtaining a pure stream of hydrogen from ammonia and other hydrogen carriers. 

“By using electricity to pull hydrogen through the membrane as it is released, they accelerate the dehydrogenation of ammonia and liquid organic hydrogen carriers while simultaneously producing a purified hydrogen stream. This is an important advance for the energy sciences because it opens a credible pathway for transporting hydrogen in stable chemical carriers and releasing it where and when it is needed,” says Berlinguette, who was not involved in the research.

Powering transportation

In this study, the researchers showed that this approach could be used to dehydrogenate not only ammonia but also methylcyclohexane. This molecule is part of a class known as liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHCs), which also hold potential as an energy carrier.

The researchers envision that their new strategy could be useful for transportation applications, such as powering cars, buses, or ships, or for fabricating semiconductors or electronics. Pure hydrogen gas is used for several steps in semiconductor manufacturing, where it plays important roles in boosting manufacturing yields and reducing surface defects.

Because palladium is an expensive metal, the researchers are now working on ways to reduce the amount of palladium needed for the separation membrane. They are also working on scaling up the process, and on applying it to other dehydrogenation reactions that could be industrially useful.

The research was funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation.

Study predicts large disparities in access to food, water, and energy in 2050

In some regions of the world, the poorest people may spend about 50 percent of their income on food, while the richest spend about 5 percent.

How will global access to food, water, and energy evolve in coming decades? A new study co-authored by MIT researchers suggests the answers could be very different depending on region, resource, and income.

Based on extensive modeling of many different resource scenarios, the study finds that in some regions, lower-income people could be spending roughly 50 percent of their income on food by the year 2050, in contrast to higher-income groups that could spent about 5 percent of income on food in the same areas. 

“For a lot of these outcomes, the lower-income groups see much worse potential insecurity,” says Jennifer Morris, a principal research scientist at the MIT Center for Sustainability Science and Strategy and the MIT Energy Initiative, and co-author of a new paper detailing the findings. The results, she notes, can be evaluated by policymakers in different global regions to understand what the long-term, large-scale resource security risks may become for different parts of their populations. 

“Anything that’s taking up half of your income is potentially destabilizing for your entire life because it leaves so few resources for the other critical needs and basic life necessities,” Morris says. 

The study focuses on projecting future access to food, water, and energy, based on long-term variation across a dozen major factors influencing their availability, from economic conditions and agriculture production to trade conditions, climate, land use, and more. 

“This study shows that there is no single driver of future food, energy, and water insecurity,” says Gi Joo Kim, a research scientist at Tulane University and co-author of the paper. “Income is important, but regional conditions, land use, energy systems, water availability, and consumer behavior all shape the risks people face.” For policymakers, he adds, “This means they need to consider specific combinations of factors that create vulnerability in each region.”

The paper, “Identifying Key Uncertainties and Drivers of Future Resource Security Outcomes Through a Multisector Scenario Ensemble,” appears in the journal Earth’s Future.

In addition to Morris and Kim, the authors include Brian O’Neill, an earth scientist at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Marshall Wise, a system engineer at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; John Weyant, a professor of management science and engineering at Stanford University; and Jonathan Lamontagne, an associate professor of civil and environmental engineering at Tufts University. 

Filling a gap

The current study fills a gap in modeling among scientists studying issues such as long-term resource security. Given the complications of long-term analyses, many studies have used what scientists term “shared socioeconomic pathway” circumstances, a small set of senarios spanning broad global narratives about the future, rather than exploring specific outcomes such as how long-term resource access may shift in linked fashion across income groups in different regions of the world. Two years ago, the same group of authors wrote a paper calling for more socioeconomically specific scenario analysis focused on outcomes for human well-being; the current study is their effort to develop that kind of modeling. 

“For this type of study, where we’re focused on human well-being outcomes, the income piece is really important,” Morris says. 

To conduct the study, the researchers adopted an existing framework in the field, the Global Change Analysis Model (GCAM) version 7.1, which represents interactions between energy, economies, water, land, and climate while dividing the world into 32 regions, 235 water basins, and 384 land-use regions and making adjustments for things like estimated commodity prices over time.

The research group used 12 main variables connected to resource availability, including population, GDP, income distribution, carbon intensity, land use, agricultural trade, multiple energy consumption scenarios, multiple water-use projections, and more. They ran simulations for 3,735 different scenarios involving these factors, to better understand the range of possible resource outcomes by 2050. 

Broadly, the modeling does uncover some significant regional variations. In 2050 food security may be most acute in parts of sub-Saharan Africa, while energy security could be most acute for low-income residents in some parts of Asia, Eastern Europe, and the Middle East. 

But within any region, there may still be substantial variation in resource security. In southern Africa, the modeling suggests that the poorest 10 percent of the population by income could be spending 49.6 percent of its income on food, compared to just 5.5 percent for the wealthiest 10 percent of the population. In West and East Africa the projected food burden for the bottom 10 percent of the population in terms of income is projected to be 48.4 percent and 42.5 percent, respectively. 

To understand the potential change this represents over time, the researchers compared the results to data from the year 2015 in the GCAM model. For the lowest-income group across western Africa in 2015, the average food burden was about 25 percent of people’s income, compared to estimates for 2050 that range from about 20 percent to 75 percent of income. In southern Africa, the lowest-income group spent about 20 percent of their income on food in 2015, but the scholars’ modeling projects an increase in food burden ranging from 25 percent to 65 percent of income. The wide variation in projected burden reflects the wide range in possible future scenarios.

When it comes to energy, variation by income is also apparent. In some parts of the Middle East, for instance, the residential energy burden in 2050 is estimated to be just 1.7 percent for the highest income bracket but 18.9 for the lowest income bracket; in Eastern Europe, the energy burden reaches 11.3 percent of income for the lowest-income bracket, while resting at under 5 percent for the highest-income bracket. 

“Regional averages can make future resource-security risks appear more manageable than they actually are,” Kim says. “This means analyses that stop at the average may miss exactly the populations most vulnerable to future change.”

Understanding the dynamics

To be sure, as the scholars emphasize, there are many uncertainties when it comes to resource access, and uncertainty is always part of modeling the global economy and resources. Still, they believe these kinds of projections can provide a more detailed outlook about social conditions in 2050 than has previously been available.

“At the very least, it’s highlighting areas of concern and showing that they differ in different parts of the world,” Morris says. “One of the outputs of this type of study is to map that out and provide that kind of insight. That can also inform the focus of further studies into specific regions and concerns.”

The researchers also believe the results will provide a new roadmap for policymakers who may be concerned about long-term resource provision across the entirety of their societies. While having new projections is valuable, modeling also helps analysts and policymakers see which factors most clearly influence future resource outcomes, as well.

“Our method was designed to identify the conditions that produce different resource security outcomes, rather than to predict one most likely future,” Kim says. 

“It’s a different approach to scenarios than we typically see,” Morris adds. “The approach and method have been appealing to people because they have a broad range of uses and applications.”

The research was supported, in part, by the U.S. Department of Energy; Stanford University; and the National Research Foundation of Korea. 

Researchers tune into Arctic under-ice sounds and test through-ice communication

The work is part of a multiyear effort to develop a distributed sensor network for relaying data collected from this critical region.

Beneath the Arctic Ocean is an orchestra featuring natural and human composers, from cracking sea ice and whistling beluga whales to humming shipping-vessel engines. Researchers from MIT Lincoln Laboratory heard some of this cacophony when analyzing data from commercial off-the-shelf sensors that they integrated and deployed in 2024 during the U.S. Navy's Operation Ice Camp (OIC). This past March, during OIC 2026, the researchers returned to the Arctic with a higher-fidelity version of one of the sensors, a geophone, which detects vibrations in the sea ice.

"We're interested in things that make sound underneath the ice," says Ben Evans, a researcher in the laboratory's Advanced Undersea Systems and Technology Group. "For example, our OIC 2024 data contained marine-mammal songs. We need a better understanding of how such signals propagate through ice, and how to distinguish these signals from other sources."

This underwater soundscape is shifting as sheets of Arctic sea ice rapidly break and melt, opening previously impassable maritime routes for military and commercial activity. Determining the unique sound profiles, or acoustic signatures, produced by fracturing ice will enable researchers to develop predictive capabilities for building coastal community resilience, informing geopolitical strategy, and surveilling adversary Arctic activity. The Fiscal Year 2027 Administration R&D Budget Priorities and Cross-Cutting Actions calls for agencies to "prioritize research and associated research infrastructure investments that enhance America's ability to observe, understand, and predict the physical, biological, geologic, and socioeconomic processes and interacting systems of the Arctic to protect and advance American interests and ensure prosperity of America's Arctic residents," and to "invest in R&D that assures America's uncontested navigation and strategic utilization of the Arctic."

Weather woes

Evans and David Whelihan have been trekking to OIC since 2022, advancing their vision to distribute a set of low-cost sensors across the Arctic for continuous monitoring. Hosted by the Navy's Arctic Submarine Laboratory (ASL) every two years, OIC is a three-week event during which U.S. and allied military forces conduct operational readiness exercises. The temporary infrastructure ASL sets up for OIC — a drifting sheet of Arctic sea ice, atop which sits a runway and insulated tents for lodging and command and control — simultaneously enables researchers to test prototype equipment and conduct experiments in an environment otherwise inhospitable to humans. This opportunity is particularly valuable as Arctic monitoring systems are developed in support of U.S. Department of War priorities.

This year proved especially challenging, with back-to-back blizzards creating whiteout conditions. Temperatures persistently plunged to minus 25 degrees Fahrenheit, and winds blew at 25 to 30 miles per hour with 40 mph gusts. Although the team, which also included Ella Wawrzynek and Ryan Saenger, had intended on completing two stints on the ice — one to deploy the sensors and the other to retrieve them after a few weeks — the weather had other plans. Their initial trip to camp was delayed by a week as windblown snow halted all inbound and outbound flights.

While they waited in Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, for the weather to clear, Whelihan was readying another technology they planned to test at OIC: a modem from industry partner Havguard, a Norwegian defense technology startup, that can communicate through ice using magnetic fields (instead of radio-frequency signals, which are rapidly diminished by seawater). However, harsh conditions inside and outside in Prudhoe Bay led to some system failures, and he flew back to the laboratory to fix them. "De-risking and operationalizing critical technology for the warfighter is an important part of what we do," Whelihan says.

After Evans, Wawrzynek, and Saenger arrived at camp on March 7, not a single flight came or left for the next five days. During a "normal" mobilization at OIC, six to nine flights per day are typical. "At times, we couldn't see participating countries' flags on poles roughly 100 feet away from the command tent," Evans says. "We had to put on hats and sometimes goggles just to go between tents, whereas at previous OIC events we walked around with long johns and pants."

The day after their arrival, they loaded their sensors onto a sled, and a field party leader (an expert in Arctic survival) driving a 4x4 vehicle with tracks towed them outside the main camp area. After deploying a quarter of the sensors they had planned, their leader received a call from camp command instructing them to return. The windblown snow was picking up, and they soon wouldn't be able to retrace their tracks back to camp.

A week later, the team had a clear day to retrieve their sensors and fly out of camp. "We laughed, because we could very easily see camp from where we had deployed the sensors," Evans adds.

Magnetic communication

As Whelihan returned to Prudhoe Bay with the fixed communications modem, another blizzard hit. Because the laboratory team had already been to camp once and other research teams needed an opportunity to go onto the ice during the next clear-weather window, the laboratory contracted with UIC Science to conduct the modem experiment. A business unit of the Ukpeaġvik Iñupiat Corp., UIC Science provides logistical and technical support for Arctic research based in Utqiaġvik (Barrow), Alaska, the northernmost U.S. city. Unlike the drifting ice in the open ocean, the ice in Utqiaġvik is primarily landfast, meaning it's fastened, or anchored, to the shoreline or seafloor.

Through UIC Science, Whelihan and Wawrzynek learned how to ride snowmobiles and then drove onto a big lagoon, where they drilled a 2x3-foot hole through 3.6 feet of ice to deploy a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) carrying the Havguard communications modem. The modem is based on a magneto-inductive transmitter (positioned below the ice) and receiver (sitting atop the ice), which are housed within polycarbonate domes to protect the sensitive electronics. The duo had met with Havguard in Norway in fall 2025 to discuss plans for testing the modem in the Arctic, and Havguard in turn built a version to testing specifications. Prior to OIC, Havguard and the laboratory team deployed the modem on a large reservoir in Vermont. While not representative of Arctic sea ice over salt water, this environment allowed them to test their procedures and capabilities.

"Under the Arctic lagoon ice, we placed the ROV, which was also equipped with a Doppler velocity logger, a four-beam sonar system that measures the vehicle's speed and direction," Whelihan says. "We used those measurements as the ROV drove under the ice, plus aerial drone images, to superimpose a picture of the ROV on the site so we could track it and calculate the modem's rate of test-data transfer. We achieved through-ice communication at about 1.2 kilobytes per second on an alpha prototype system that had traveled from Boston to Alaska three times. This result is very encouraging, and the system warrants further development."

In future iterations of this setup, the data could then be relayed out of the Arctic through drones or satellites.

Community connections

While in Utqiaġvik for a week in mid-April, they participated over the weekend in the Piuraaġiaqta annual spring festival, watching a harpoon-throwing contest and proctoring a kids' snowmobile race. And with eighth graders at the local middle school, they discussed their Arctic R&D and engaged them in a game teaching sonar concepts.

"When you embrace this culture of community, you meet lots of interesting people and doors open up," Whelihan says.  

"Connecting with the Arctic community is an important aspect of our work," Evans adds. "Every time we come here, we cross paths with someone we don't expect to, learn about their work, and think about how we may be able to collaborate." For example, at OIC 2024, the laboratory team had met a professor from the University of Maryland at College Park with extensive experience collecting and analyzing cryoseismological data; they now hope to work with him to apply machine learning to discriminate between icequakes and marine mammal vocalizations.

In the lead-up to OIC 2028, the team plans to design, prototype, and test air-droppable versions of some of their sensors while continuing to partner with Havguard on the through-ice communications modem. Their next step is to optimize the modem's packaging to facilitate deployability in the Arctic and integration with the laboratory's sensor suite.

"The through-line in all this work is minimizing boots on the ice," Whelihan says. "Especially this year, we learned that the weather is in charge of our access to the Arctic. We need ways to easily get sensors where we want them and to retrieve the data they collect, even in these extremely challenging conditions."

This work is funded through the laboratory's internally administered R&D portfolio in mission-critical technology (integrated systems area) and the laboratory's Advanced Concept Committee, which funds high-risk, high-reward early-stage research addressing critical gaps in national security technology.

Governor Healey, MIT President Kornbluth to Kick Off Festivities at MIT Future Fest

The five-day festival will explore the future of science, technology, art and design from Wednesday, Sept. 30 to Sunday, Oct. 4

Massachusetts Governor Maura Healey and MIT President Sally Kornbluth will kick off MIT Future Fest, a new annual festival exploring the future of science, technology, art, and design, with “The Future Begins Here” panel, a celebration of Massachusetts innovation, talent and the bold questions shaping what comes next. The event will take place on Wednesday, September 30 at 3:30 PM at MIT’s Kresge Auditorium.

Curated and produced by the MIT Museum, the inaugural MIT Future Fest will take place across MIT’s campus from September 30–October 4, 2026. Governor Healy and President Kornbluth will be joined on the opening panel by Moderna co-founder and Flagship Pioneering founder and CEO Noubar Afeyan, MIT professor and entrepreneur Sangeeta Bhatia, and Bob Mumgaard, CEO and Co-Founder of Commonwealth Fusion Systems. Economic Development Secretary Eric Paley will moderate the discussion, which will explore how public, private, and educational institutions can work together to sustain talent pipelines, turn discovery into impact, and build the future

“Massachusetts is where the future is being invented, and MIT Future Fest is a chance to showcase our leadership in technology and design to the world,” said Governor Maura Healey. “From AI and robotics to clean energy and life sciences, the breakthroughs happening here are changing how we live and work. As Governor, I want Massachusetts to be the place where the best minds from around the world come to study, conduct research, start companies and scale their ideas. Our administration is investing in the talent, research and partnerships that make that possible, and we’re proud to launch MIT Future Fest with MIT.”

“The breakthrough discoveries that shape modern life came from decades of scientists and creators asking fundamental questions about how the world works. MIT Future Fest celebrates that same spirit of curiosity on mission," said MIT President Sally Kornbluth. "When you bring together engineers, inventors, artists, scientists, designers and entrepreneurs, you create the conditions for truly transformative innovation. This festival is an invitation to join that conversation, with the conviction that the future isn't something that happens to us—it's something we create together."

“The Future Beings Here” is one of more than 70 public talks, tours, performances, exhibitions, installations, and open laboratories included in the five-day program. Additional festival highlights and the full programming line-up are available at mitfuturefest.org. 

New method allows scientists to follow gene activity over time in the same cells

In the new method, cells package and export their RNA, enabling researchers to sequence and analyze the RNA without killing the cells.

The following press release was issued Sept. 1 by the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard.

In recent years, scientists have built methods to measure a cell’s transcriptome, or all the RNA produced by a cell, to study the cell’s identity and genetic activity. However, these methods rely on killing the cell to access the bits of RNA within, and offer only a one-time snapshot. 

Now, researchers at the Broad Institute and at MIT have invented a “cellular self-reporting” approach to make living cells share their own transcriptomes, so that scientists can analyze them without killing the cells. Described in Cell, the live cell transcriptomic method relies on virus-like particles, which the cells use to package and deliver RNA to the culture medium they’re bathed in. Scientists can simply sample the medium to isolate the RNA, and do this repeatedly to reveal how gene activity in the same cell population changes as the cells mature or respond to perturbations. The researchers applied their method to a variety of cellular model systems, demonstrating its potential to help reveal how cells go awry over time in disease and how drugs affect cells. 

“Our lab focuses our time and resources on developing tools that will actually get used and make real impact on the broader field,” says study senior author Paul Blainey, who is a core member of the Broad and a professor of biological engineering at MIT. “It’s so gratifying to see a real coming to fruition of this concept, which was complete science fiction when we started. It’s a great example of the innovative impact long-term high-risk, high-reward research can have.”

A cellular special delivery

The effort to build the new method began more than a decade ago, when the Blainey lab set out to find a new way to do RNA sequencing without killing cells. “The existing methods were a bit medieval and involved stabbing cells or cutting pieces off of them,” recalls Blainey. Inspired by the performance of molecular technologies such as CRISPR-based technology and their ease of adoption, Blainey and study first author Jacob Borrajo committed to developing a molecular method, which they knew would be challenging and take time, but would also make the approach scalable and easy for other labs to perform. 

The team found inspiration in retroviruses, which over millions of years evolved the ability to package their RNA genomes in protein shells to spread from one infected cell to another. To build their method, the team engineered mammalian cells to express a retroviral structural protein that can encapsulate not only viral RNA but also a cell’s RNA. Integrated into the cell’s membrane, the viral protein is able to recruit cellular RNA, form a shell around it to create a virus-like particle, and bud off from the membrane to enter the liquid medium around the cell. The scientists then take a sample of the medium, isolate the RNA, and sequence it to get a view of the transcriptome from that cell population — all without destroying or damaging the cells.

“Compared to methods using robotics or mechanical biopsies of cells, our molecularly encoded solution could be much more broadly enabling for the average life science or biomedical lab, particularly the time dynamic questions that we hope to elucidate with this technology,” says co-first author Mohamad Najia, research fellow in the Blainey lab and the lab of George Daley at Boston Children’s Hospital. Najia and Borrajo led the work along with co-first author Anna Le, a postdoc in the Blainey lab. 

Message in a bottle

To test the method’s broad applicability, the researchers showed that it worked in immortalized human cells, in cancer cell lines, in stem cells and neuronal cells made from them, and in primary cells from human donors. They also tested a culture of two human cell types growing together, using tags on the virus-like particles so that the signals from the two cell types could be distinguished during analysis. 

In addition, cellular self-reporting is useful for studying systems with crucial three-dimensional structures that researchers would rather not disturb. The team demonstrated their method on spheroids of human endothelial cells, capturing short-term transcriptional changes after biochemically stimulating the cells. 

They also collaborated with Linda Griffith, a professor of biological and mechanical engineering at MIT, to apply their method to her lab’s organ-on-a-chip devices. These models mimic the physiology of organs and can help minimize preclinical or animal model testing, but their complexity makes retrieving cells from the devices for analysis difficult. With cellular self-reporting, the researchers monitored gene expression dynamics in endothelial cells within the devices over time, revealing changes in genes related to how tissues form vascular networks that depended upon the source of supporting fibroblasts, such as from either uterus or lung. 

The Broad team is continuing to look for new applications and biological questions to ask with their system, and are working to make the approach feasible for studying single cells. For now, they hope that scientists interested in following how cells and tissues change over time will give their method a try.

Stories from the steel mills: A model for sharing workers’ histories

MIT anthropologist Chris Walley developed a project for people in Southeast Chicago to tell their histories — an approach any community can adopt.

For generations, the steel mills of Southeast Chicago offered work and a way of life, experienced by tens of thousands of families. Open around the clock, three shifts per day, the vast works of U.S. Steel, Republic Steel, Inland Steel, and many others provided demanding but steady jobs, while making materials to build the country. 

Professor Christine Walley, head of the MIT Anthropology program, grew up in the area, where her father worked for Wisconsin Steel. Over time, U.S. manufacturing downsized — her father’s plant closed in 1980 — and the mills left Chicago. Walley’s 2013 book, “Exit Zero: Family and Class in Postindustrial Chicago,” chronicles the economic and psychological toll plant closures took on the area’s workers and families. The book was followed by a documentary, “Exit Zero,” directed by Chris Boebel, director of video at MIT Open Learning (and Walley’s husband).

Then Walley turned to a new effort — the Southeast Chicago Archive and Storytelling Project, an online repository of objects and images, as well as new video features about the industry, labor history, and the local community. The project was  developed in collaboration with a team from the Southeast Chicago Historical Society, which in 1985 opened a museum about the steelworking life. This award-winning newer online project has been supported, in part, by MIT, the National Endowment for the Humanities, and others.

The idea is to use objects to tell stories about the area’s history. To mark Labor Day, MIT News offers this photo essay based on materials from the Southeast Chicago Archive and Storytelling Project, recognizing America’s workers — and reflecting on the jobs, work, and life produced by industry and innovation. 

It’s hard to depict the vastness of Southeast Chicago’s steel manufacturing area, which stretched for miles into Northwest Indiana and included mills that employed 120,000 workers at their peak. This vintage postcard shows the industry along the Calumet River. 

MIT’s 12th president, Howard Johnson, grew up in the area during the Great Depression, where family members toiled in the mills. Johnson’s father worked for U.S. Steel for 50 years, becoming a bookkeeper and accountant, and Johnson attended Bowen High School, which is still open today.

“Families — ours and thousands like it — were the essential centers of life in the community,” Johnson writes in his memoir, published by the MIT Press.

Families have also been essential to the Southeast Chicago Archive and Storytelling Project, which displays more than 1,100 items from the local historical museum’s collection: clothing, photos, scrapbooks, news clippings, recreational objects, oral history materials, and more. Walley says that anyone could take this approach, and use objects to tell stories about their own local history, work, and community life.

“People tend to experience history in their day-to-day lives not through books written by experts, but by telling stories around family objects and photos,” Walley says. “What is meaningful to us about the things we save from the past? Might these items be ‘clues’ that take us on a deeper historical journey?”

Kitty Kalwasinski Markovich (above, left) didn’t set out to become a welder — but as one, she nearly appeared the movies. Born Kazmira Kalwasinski, she immigrated with her family to Chicago from Poland in 1913, at age 10. During World War II, the steel mills sought replacements for men serving in the military, and she started welding at the South Works of U.S. Steel in Chicago. 

Warner Brothers depicted her in this photo shoot (with Florence Josephs, right), as a worker in the “Rosie the Riveter” mode, and considered making a film featuring her. Five of her brothers served in the military, and their names are seen on Markovich’s welding helmet. One of them, Frank Kalwasinski, was killed in World War II, and his sacrifice is represented by the solid star.

Although many American women returned to their former lives as homemakers at the conclusion of the war, Markovich kept working in the mills, welding for 23 years in the South Works before she retired in 1967. It’s also where she met her husband, Michael Markovich. Kitty Kalwasinski Markovich’s family donated many materials to the Southeast Chicago Archive and Storytelling Project. 

This hard hat, made around 1986, was donated to the Southeast Chicago Historical Museum along with a cutting from the last beam ever produced at U.S. Steel’s once-mighty South Works, which closed in 1992, having produced steel since the 1800s. 

At its peak, South Works employed about 20,000 people. The Chicago steel mill closures, the 1970s through the 1990s, devastated employees and their families who, as Walley details in the “Exit Zero” book, identified strongly with steelworking. Her own father was a third-generation steelworker.

The online storytelling project deploys MIT scholar Sherry Turkle’s notion of “evocative objects,” those that hold great resonance and get our minds in motion. As Turkle writes, “we love the objects we think with.” 

Donated to the museum by James Stapay, this hard hat evokes the end of a long industrial era in Chicago, and is featured in “The Closing of the Mills,” one of the project’s four documentary videos created from donated objects.

Working in steel mills was not just physically demanding, but dangerous. Worker injuries and deaths were a recognized problem, especially in the early years. This is prototype safety gear from around 1911-12, from a series of photo albums donated to the Southeast Chicago Historical Society by U.S. Steel itself in the 1980s. 

U.S. Steel set up a Committee of Safety early in the 1900s, which recommended 3,000 changes to operations. However, in oral history interviews, workers often recount continuing dangers and terrible accidents in the steel mills. 

Some first-person accounts state that as late as the 1960s, workers were still not regularly wearing hard hats. Basic safety practices seemed to improve, though, after the introduction of the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration in 1970. Worker safety was a long-term work in progress. 

Many of the close-knit communities formed around the mills have donated materials to the project that range far beyond the factory. For instance, family recreation was important in steelworks neighborhoods. Pictured here, in a photo donated by the Cordero family, is the “Mayas” softball team, made up of members of Southeast Chicago’s Mexican-American community, which won a 1937 community league championship.

Justino Cordero immigrated to Chicago in 1923, became a steelworker, then eventually did electrical work in the mills while opening a radio shop. Cordero, a father of three (two of his children are pictured), organized and coached youth sports teams to keep kids “out of trouble”; wrote a column for The Daily Calumet, a local newspaper; and was involved with his church, Our Lady of Guadalupe. After retirement, Cordero earned undergraduate and master’s degrees, to work with children with disabilities.

Another documentary video from the Southeast Chicago Archive and Storytelling Project, “Mexican-American Journeys,” explores the long history of Mexican-American steelworkers in Chicago, in many dimensions. At least a dozen parishoners of Our Lady of Guadalupe members who had been in the U.S. military in the 1960s were killed in the Vietnam War, serving their country. 

In 1937, steelworkers went on strike in Chicago. On Memorial Day, during a peaceful protest at Republic Steel, 10 workers were killed by law enforcement officials — an event that provoked congressional hearings in Washington. The image at left is a poster made up for Local 1033, the union branch for the Republic Steel plant; at right, Local 1033 workers take a vote in later years. 

While the so-called “Memorial Day Massacre” was a landmark event in national labor history, it is remembered in more intimate ways in the local area, with many families later donating photos, news clippings, scrapbooks, and interviews about it to the Southeast Chicago Historical Society. 

And though the Southeast Chicago Archive and Storytelling Project project focuses heavily on working-class employment and daily life, there are many other possibilities for U.S. community-based history, involving almost any topic. Whatever the places, objects, and stories, but the goal is the same: to keep the past alive. 

How architects turned a hulking brick box into MIT’s newest academic hub

A venerable storage facility has become a 21st-century architectural tour de force. Here are the key decisions that transformed the Met Warehouse.

It started with a vision: Move MIT’s School of Architecture and Planning (SA+P) into the Metropolitan Storage Warehouse, an unoccupied, fortress-like brick building on MIT’s campus in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

After all, SA+P needed more space and new facilities. And here, visible from its old offices across the street, was an unused building the size of an airplane hangar. It could offer bigger studios, more work areas, an auditorium, and galleries for events, and become a campus-wide hub for teaching, research, and public engagement. 

“MIT thrives on this idea that we’re all connected,” says Hashim Sarkis, dean of SA+P and a key proponent of the project.

But that vision required hundreds of design decisions: how to bring light into the building, create workspaces and circulation, encourage communication among the school’s populations, and more.

“The conception of the project was not like an automatic flash,” says Elizabeth Diller, founding partner at Diller Scofido + Renfro (DS+R), the architecture firm that was selected to revamp the Met Warehouse, as it’s now called.

“It was a very challenging building to work with,” says Benjamin Gilmartin, another DS+R partner. “There was a lot of innovation needed.”

Innovation is welcome at MIT, however. 

“They transformed the Met Warehouse toward the things we want, which is to do more collaborative work, and to combine instruction and research,” Sarkis says. 

Here’s how DS+R, working with MIT over several years, created the new Met Warehouse — which has a ceremonial moving-in procession on Sept. 8. 

Five buildings in one 

The Met Warehouse was built in several phases starting in 1894; by 1923 it was a five-story building with 2-foot-thick brick walls and 1,500 storage units inside. It was a fortress used for private storage, with the words “Metropolitan Storage Warehouse Fire Proof” painted on the side, visible from across the river in Boston. 

The structure was built in five segments, over time. That became crucial to its transformation. Diller and Gilmartin created a large design studio inside each of the segments. 

“When you start a project like this, there are some big moves that seem very clear and obvious,” Diller says. “There are five buildings that were built basically in succession, making for a 500-foot long building. That is just too big, so how do we break it up into neighborhoods? We decided each building itself would have a stack of floating studios in it.” 

That was essential for SA+P and the components of it that will use the building, such as the MIT Morningside Academy for Design, which was established through a $100 million gift from the Morningside Foundation, the philanthropic arm of the T.H. Chan family. This founding gift from family members Gerald and Beryl Chan and Ronnie and Barbara Chan included support for the Met Warehouse transformation. 

Each building segment features double-height, column-free studios which, thanks to virtuoso engineering, are suspended from roof trusses that bring the weight back down to the existing structure. 

Those spaces will benefit the interdisciplinary work taking place at MIT. 

“In those five spaces, we’re putting the making and the research together,” Sarkis says. “The studio and the lab will become one and the same.”

Bringing in light

For about a century, the Met Warehouse featured tiny window slits as its only apertures. That raised a question: How could natural light be brought inside? 

DS+R produced a dramatic answer, drawn from recent architectural history. Along the long north side of the Met Warehouse, adjacent to a set of railroad tracks, they carved large voids for the studios. Aligned with the studios, large segments of the brick exterior were replaced with glass facades.

This way, natural light pours into the studios and beyond, while occupants look out to a lively Cambridge cityscape.

“The process was like an extraction of the dense mass of the building to create open and light-filled space connecting all,” Diller says. 

Her aesthetic inspiration included the artist Gordon Matta-Clark, known for making bold cuts into New York City buildings in the 1970s. 

“Right from the beginning there was a nod to Gordon Matta-Clark,” Diller says, though she notes that Matta-Clark’s work consisted of building-scale interventions motivated by political and social critique. Whereas, “In our case, we use subtraction to build — to make space for new uses and to expose the anatomy of the building.” 

The living lab

To ensure the huge cuts and windows would work, MIT collaborated with DS+R, as well as Leers Weinzapfel Associates, the project’s associate architects, and Shawmut Design and Construction, to test slab cuts and window arrangements directly in the Met Warehouse itself.

“This hands-on approach allowed us to prove the design concepts through actual construction methodologies and logistics,” says Nicole Bernabei, a senior project manager for campus construction at MIT, who has worked on the Met Warehouse effort since 2018. 

Those slices into the building, needed to create the studios, revealed the Met Warehouse’s original structural features as cross-sections now appearing in walls. The designers envisioned those cuts as features to remain visible, something students can still learn from.

“For a school of architecture and planning, this approach feels especially fitting,” Bernabei says. “The building itself has become a teaching tool — a living laboratory where students, faculty, staff, and visitors experience how rigorous design thinking translates into a built reality. Every detail, from the celebrated slab edges to the transformative light, tells the story of collaboration and precision.”

And while those issues were being addressed, the architects had to grapple with, well, everything else. 

Asymmetry inside

There is another reason the architects placed the huge glass walls on the north side of the Met Warehouse. The Cambridge Historical Commission (CHC) asked MIT to keep the building’s south and east sides essentially intact. The long south facade, the one historically visible from Boston, was particularly significant.

“Changing the building’s surface there [on the north side], bringing in the large glass, wouldn’t impact the character of the building as it would on the south side,” Diller says. For that reason, in the interior, “the big spaces drift to the north.” 

The architects placed smaller spaces, like offices, on the south side. 

“The fabric of the existing Met Warehouse building, with its column grids, offered a lot of opportunities for more serialized smaller spaces where you can have seminars, faculty offices, teaching spaces, research areas, next to and in dialogue with the larger multistory spaces that we introduced,” Gilmartin says. 

So, the Met Warehouse is asymmetric inside: big studios extending from the north side, across much of the building; and smaller rooms on the south side.

It was not obvious how to bring more light into the south-side rooms, however. But an extended dialogue between DS+R, MIT, and the CHC produced an “intersect window” strategy — box frame windows sometimes intersecting with the small apertures already on the south side. The steel frames of the new windows, now at a proper height for looking out, distribute the weight of the brick and stone sills once carried by the solid brick that was removed. 

“This meeting of the old and new satisfied the Cambridge Historical Commission’s desire for a minimal touch, but also created an unexpected and delightfully playful effect on the south facade,” says Morgan Pinney MArch ’10, a senior campus planner at MIT. The project, she adds, “allowed us to step into an exceptionally collaborative working relationship with CHC staff — one MIT is very proud of and will certainly continue to build upon for years to come.”

The unusual layout grants a centrality to the studio areas while ensuring that a full range of other spaces are wrapped around them. 

“The logic of the building is that making things is in the middle,” says Sarkis, referring to the studio spaces. “This is MIT. There is making and research in the studios, with seminar rooms and offices all around.” Referring to the school motto, “mens et manus,” he adds, “That’s our culture. MIT is about mind and hand.” 

Still, Sarkis and the architects wanted another element inside, too: interior passages connecting it all.   

Extending the Infinite Corridor

MIT’s main group of buildings features the Infinite Corridor, a busy walkway spanning one-sixth of a mile indoors, linking many other spaces. MIT leaders thought the Met Warehouse could extend the concept. 

“We conceived of it as having an ‘Infinite Corridor,’” says Sarkis, who hoped the corridor would be “visible and accessible all the way through.”

Diller, the architect behind New York City’s High Line, which turned elevated railroad tracks into a wildly popular urban park, knows about getting people walking. She wanted Met Warehouse occupants to “share a circulation system.”

And so every floor of the Met Warehouse has its own “infinite” corridor. Some overlook studio space one floor down, with the cityscape beyond, echoing High Line atmospherics. The off-center circulation spine connects the large studios on the north side and the offices at the south edge of the building. Being flexible about that placement allowed the whole Met Warehouse plan to work. 

“That helps create the space for the large studios,” says John Ochsendorf, director of the MIT Morningside Academy for Design. Besides, he offers, “There’s a happy alignment between historical protection of the south facade, and where the sun is in the sky most of the year. You don’t want direct sunlight on the south side” — where glass walls would create a greenhouse effect — “and the city wanted to protect that view. The architects found this balance.”

A vertical vision

Meanwhile, the architects designed large stairs that pierce through the corridors, helping people access all floors of the building. 

“We didn’t want a layering of the building with horizontal stratification,” Gilmartin says. The stairs will provide “moments of serendipity and exchange with other people.”

The first time Gilmartin drafted stairs for the building, they were “more blade-like and expressive formally” than the final version. But MIT asked for a stripped-down sensibility, so Gilmartin made the design “almost as simple as it could be.”

The stairs still have expansive scope and meeting-place potential.

“That central spine stair is sort of a ceremonial stair,” Diller says. “To see and be seen. I think it will be lively.”

Culture change

The Met Warehouse is very different from the previous quarters of SA+P, a warren of rooms in MIT’s buildings 7 and 9. Many peer institutions have design studios that place all students in a large common space. Not MIT, which has had a different culture, with smaller, specialized design spaces.

Now, the Met Warehouse does feature larger and more visible design areas. 

“We’re trying to give the school the ability to adapt it and change it, and balance the past culture of MIT and a new culture with kinds of spaces where ideas can cross-pollinate and there’s a lot of room for large-scale experimentation,” Gilmartin says. 

Design practice is becoming bigger across MIT, and as more people connect with it, the Met Warehouse will let MIT evolve. 

Gilmartin again: “There’s just a lot of opportunity for smaller groupings of people to be organized in ways that are visible and connected to the larger spaces, but also offer the prospect of a retreat and focused work. I think it is hopefully attuned very well to MIT.” 

The shock of the rebuilt 

It’s unusual to move a major architecture school into an old building. Some of the best-known U.S. universities house their architecture schools in buildings with high-modernist stylings or postwar brutalist aesthetics, heavy on concrete, light on graceful curves. 

“Those buildings come out of the modernist tradition predicated on the shock of the new,” Gilmartin says. “There was something confrontational about those buildings in their material expression and image, and spatial ideas of openness and flexibility, which was quite different from most historic buildings. In their time, they were pretty thrilling.” 

But as the saying goes, that was then, and this is now. 

“The reality of our future is that we can’t tear everything down and build new for every generation,” Gilmartin says. The Met Warehouse “makes a claim about the future of design and what the orientation of that needs to be, in our work,” he adds. 

MIT agrees. 

“I think it sends a very good message that this vanguard school of architecture, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, is moving into a historic building and adapting it for the future,” Sarkis has said. 

Along with the Morningside Foundation, another key project donor was Sidara (formerly the Dar Group), a global collaborative of specialist design, engineering, and consulting firms, owned by Maha and Talal Shair; they have supported the creation of the building’s Sidara Auditorium and Sidara Gallery space.

Adaptive re-use 

Ultimately, DS+R was ideal for the Met Warehouse project because of their experience transforming structures. Besides the High Line, they transformed a London media center built for the 2012 Olympics into the Victoria and Albert Museum’s new open storage facility, the V&A East Storehouse.

Diller suggests the key is being pragmatic.

“When you have a building that is that thick, that heavy, that present, sometimes it’s more expensive to demolish it than to invent a way of reusing it,” she says.

Besides, she adds, “Because it’s an architecture school, it’s important that the students understand adaptive reuse firsthand, as we share a planet with limited resources. It’s a good thing to repurpose buildings, to change their program, to update their innards where possible, rather than just preserving them in formaldehyde — or destroying them and taking away the character of a city.”

The Met Warehouse was old, is new again, and is ready for the MIT community to make it their own.

“Very often contemporary buildings are so sanitized and clinical, you don’t feel like you can touch anything,” Diller says. “It doesn’t feel like home. Here, we wanted students to feel uninhibited — a place that would feel like home.”

Faculty receive promotions in the School of Architecture and Planning for 2026

The range of faculty disciplines showcases the breadth of research and scholarship across the school.

The MIT School of Architecture and Planning recognized 11 faculty members with promotions for their significant contributions to the school, effective July 1, 2026. Four faculty promotions are in the Department of Architecture, three are in the Department of Urban Studies and Planning (DUSP), and four are in the program in Media Arts and Sciences.

“These individuals offer the MIT community creativity, knowledge, and scholarship that is exhilarating,” says Hashim Sarkis, dean of the School of Architecture and Planning. “Collectively, they add considerable strength to our faculty and research capacity.” 

Department of Architecture

Xavi Aguirre has been promoted to associate professor without tenure. Aguirre is also director of DIS-ASSEMBLIES LAB, where his work focuses on learning from and designing for when architectures come apart. Through building (and unbuilding) projects, product development, and research, he considers our relationship to material and commodity circulations, both technically and culturally. Aguirre’s work has been commissioned by the Carnegie Museum of Art, the Industry Opera Co., MOCA Geffen, and Dartmouth College, among others. He is the is founder/director of the design studio stock-a-studio.

Rosalyne Shieh has been promoted to associate professor without tenure. Shieh is an architect based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Her work engages places at the intersection of material culture, oral history, and postcolonial identity; architectural projects are processes for thinking-with-site, and design is the extension and invention from the ordinary. Shieh has worked for Stan Allen Architect, ARO, and Abalos & Herreros, and was formerly co-director of the collaborative practice Schaum/Shieh. She is co-author of “Blanking: An Annotated Archive of Projects and Thoughts on Architecture” (Park Books, 2025). 

Nida Sinnokrot has been promoted to associate professor with tenure. Sinnokrot is an artist and educator whose work explores how various forms of power and bias are embedded in dominant narrative structures and attendant articulations of time and space. Working across film, video, photography, sculpture, installation, and agriculture, Sinnokrot seeks to expose and cannibalize — through tactile, tactical, and material acts of technical and conceptual detournement — various technologies of control that give rise to shifting social, political, and environmental instabilities. He is a co-founder of Sakiya, an international residency program and research platform in the West Bank village of Ein Qinya. His recent solo shows include “Nida Sinnokrot” at Kunst-Station Sankt Peter, Cologne (2019-20) and “Expand Extract Repent Repeat” at Carlier | Gebauer in Berlin (2018-19).

Kristel Smentek has been promoted to full professor. Smentek is a historian of 18-century European art with specializations in histories of the graphic and decorative arts in their transcultural contexts, the history of collecting, and European encounters with Asia. Smentek has received fellowships and awards from a host of organizations including the National Endowment for the Humanities, the American Council of Learned Societies, and the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. In her current book project, “Disorient: Arts from China in Eighteenth-Century France,” Smentek analyzes European engagements with Asian imports in the 18th century and their impact on continental art and aesthetic theory. Smentek is also active as a curator. Most recently, she was co-curator of the exhibition “Dare to Know: Prints and Drawings in the Age of Enlightenment,” which examined the constitutive role of works on paper in the propagation of European Enlightenment ideals and blind spots, and a contributor to and co-editor of its accompanying catalog (Harvard Art Museums, 2022).

Department of Urban Studies and Planning

Jason Jackson has been promoted to associate professor with tenure. Jackson is an associate professor of political economy and director of the Political Economy Lab. His research focuses on the relationship between states and markets, particularly the role of economic ideas and moral beliefs in shaping market institutions under modern capitalism. Empirically, his work focuses on contexts ranging from the role of economic nationalism in industrial development to the rise of the digital “platform” economy and urban mobility markets in contemporary cities in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Jackson is the author of “Traders, Speculators and Captains of Industry: How Capitalist Legitimacy Shaped Foreign Investment Policy in India” (Harvard University Press, 2025) and “Constructing Economic Nationalisms in Brazil and India” (Cambridge University Press, 2026).

Justin Steil has been promoted to full professor. Steil is professor of law and urban planning and a Margaret MacVicar Faculty Fellow. As Academic Curriculum Committee faculty chair, he leads a new faculty committee for the MIT Center for Real Estate and the Master of Science in Real Estate Development program, bringing together faculty from across the school to shape the future of the curriculum. As a lawyer, a paramedic, and an urban planner, Steil’s research focuses on spatial dimensions of inequality. Steil analyzes spatial inequality in the domains of environmental justice, housing and land use policies, and health equity, among others. Recent research focuses on the effects of neighborhoods on health, on mobility risk, and on the role of emergency medical services in advancing health equity. 

Sarah Williams has been promoted to full professor. Williams, the Norman B. (1938) and Muriel Leventhal professor of architecture and planning, is the director of the Civic Data Design Lab and director of the Norman B. Leventhal Center for Advanced Urbanism. Williams combines her training in computation and design to create communication strategies that expose urban policy issues to broad audiences and create civic change, a process she calls Data Action. Williams is co-founder and developer of Envelope.city, a web-based software product that visualizes and allows users to modify zoning in New York City. In her book “Data Action: Using Data for Public Good” (The MIT Press, 2022), Williams provides a guide for working with data in more ethical and responsible ways.  

Program in Media Arts and Sciences

Fadel Adib has been promoted to full professor. Founding director of the Signal Kinetics research group, Adib holds a joint appointment in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. He has spent his career expanding the frontiers of wireless sensing, developing technologies that locate hidden objects, navigate indoor environments, and detect contaminants in food and water. Since receiving tenure in 2022, his group has integrated generative AI with wireless vision, enabling robots to interact with objects blocked entirely from view. His spinoff, Cartesian Systems, is now deployed in more than 700 stores across 55 countries. Adib was named a Young Global Leader by the World Economic Forum in 2024 and received the Great Arab Minds Award in Engineering and Technology in 2023.

Canan Dağdeviren has been promoted to associate professor with tenure. Dağdeviren is the founder and director of the Conformable Decoders research group and has built a research program around the idea that the human body continuously produces coded physical patterns — through motion, pressure, sound, electrical activity, and biochemical change — that carefully designed materials and devices can decode to improve human health. Her group develops technologies that bend and conform to the body, including a wearable ultrasound breast patch for more frequent and accessible cancer screening, and ImPULS, an implantable piezoelectric ultrasound stimulator for deep brain stimulation. Dağdeviren also serves as faculty lead of the MIT Media Lab's WHx Women's Health Program, which this year became an official program of the MIT HEALS Initiative — a significant institutional recognition of her commitment to addressing longstanding gaps in women's health through bold, cross-disciplinary research.

Kevin Esvelt has been promoted to associate professor with tenure. Esvelt, who leads the Sculpting Evolution research group, invents new ways to study and influence the evolution of ecosystems, addressing some of humanity's most difficult ecological and public health challenges with a commitment to openness and humility. His community-driven “Mice Against Ticks” project, featured in a landmark 60 Minutes segment last year, is engineering Lyme-immune mice on Nantucket, Massachusetts to stop the disease at its source. He has also emerged as one of the nation's leading voices on biosecurity, with research exposing the dangers of AI systems capable of generating biological weapons information — highlighted by The New York Times in April — and a Policy Forum piece in Science on mirror life that has advanced critical public conversations about the governance of emerging biotechnologies. His work on CRISPR gene drives, RoboPace, and “daisy drives” has reshaped global conversations about the future of evolution.

Danielle Wood has been promoted to associate professor with tenure. Wood, the founding director of the Space Enabled research group, has spent her career proving that satellite technology can be a powerful instrument for justice on earth. Holding a joint appointment in the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics and serving as MIT's faculty lead for African and African Diaspora Studies, Wood has developed the EVDT framework — Environment-Vulnerability-Decision-Technology — a systems approach applied successfully in countries including Ghana, Angola, and Brazil. Her impact extends well beyond the MIT Media Lab: She received the 2026 Paul Gray Faculty Award for Public Service and the 2025 Letten Prize, and has served multiple times as a private sector advisor to the U.S. Delegation to the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space.

3 Questions: The essential role of international engagement

Duane Boning, MIT’s vice provost for international activities, discusses the Institute’s approach to global engagement.

Vice Provost for International Activities Duane Boning oversees MIT’s international policies and engagements. Here he discusses why international engagement remains vital to MIT’s mission of advancing knowledge, educating students, and innovating to serve the nation and the world.

Q: Why does MIT consider international engagement important to its institutional mission?

A: International engagement is an integral part of what makes MIT strong. It allows us to collaborate with excellent partners, access facilities and research environments unavailable at home, monitor and learn from worldwide progress, and remain closely connected to the world of ideas and innovation.

MIT’s mission is to advance knowledge, educate students, and develop innovations that serve the nation and the world. To do those things well, we have to understand — and help shape — the global landscape of science and technology.

Today’s breakthroughs don’t emerge in isolation. Scientific talent, research facilities, and technological advances are distributed across the world. To ensure that we remain at the forefront of discovery and innovation, we need to know what is happening beyond our borders, collaborate where it serves our mission, and prepare our students to compete in a changing world.

That does not mean engagement without limits. We are open to international collaboration and global talent paired with sensible, risk-based safeguards. We welcome international collaboration where it advances our educational and research mission, while applying rigorous safeguards to protect sensitive research, intellectual property, and national security.

The world is already deeply interconnected, and we believe that thoughtful engagement makes us stronger.

Q: How does engaging this way benefit MIT and the nation?

A: International collaboration is central to keeping MIT and our graduates at the forefront of knowledge and innovation in the 21st century. 

Collaboration is vital to attracting, retaining, and educating the leaders of tomorrow — students, faculty, and researchers from both the United States and around the world — and to feeding MIT's innovative and entrepreneurial spirit. 

Frankly, throughout its history, MIT has flourished in part because of its capacity to attract the world’s very best students, faculty, and researchers — many of whom remain permanent contributors in the United States. These individuals have gone on to teach, deliver breakthroughs, and create American startups.

International partnerships also give MIT researchers access to things that aren’t readily accessible in the United States. For example, MIT researchers working in Singapore were able to test autonomous vehicle technologies years before suitable facilities were widely available domestically. Off the coast of Portugal, MIT researchers are now partnering to develop the next generation of deep-ocean monitoring systems in offshore environments that don’t exist here. The knowledge and insights gained in such settings benefit everything we do.

Q: How is MIT adapting to a changing and more uncertain world?

A: Our mission to serve the nation and the world remains steadfast, but we acknowledge that the world has changed. MIT has rigorous processes for evaluating and mitigating potential risk associated with international engagements in a thoughtful and thorough way, allowing the Institute to engage appropriately in new opportunities when and where possible.

Global collaboration still plays an essential role in advancing research, education, and innovation. But we recognize the challenges of operating within a rapidly shifting environment marked by geopolitical uncertainty, evolving federal funding priorities, regulatory complexity, policy shifts limiting international mobility, and competition for global talent and collaborations.

On the research front, we seek to cultivate relationships across industry, government, and the global alumni community. On education and student experience, we recognize that the United States benefits when American students understand the world around them. It expands opportunities for both undergraduate and graduate students to gain international experience while strengthening relationships with trusted partners and maintaining the flexibility to adapt as global conditions change.

While MIT’s global engagement is partly built on long-standing relationships that have delivered meaningful outcomes for students and researchers, today’s volatile landscape calls for forward-thinking cultivation of new relationships around the world. By investing in new regions, MIT will be better positioned to adapt to changing global circumstances. 

International engagement enables MIT to deepen its impact, strengthen innovation, and enable students and researchers to take part in tackling the world’s most pressing challenges.

Assistant Professor Thomas Rose, an expert in archaeometallurgy, dies at 37

Colleagues remember Rose as an enthusiastic and gracious friend who had recently started a promising research track at MIT.

MIT Assistant Professor Thomas Rose, an expert in ancient metallurgy, passed away on Sept. 2 due to injuries sustained during a bicycle crash in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The incident, currently under investigation, occurred at the intersection of Memorial Drive and Massachusetts Avenue. Rose was 37.

Rose, who was MIT’s POSCO Professor of Materials Science and a member of MIT’s Center for Materials Research in Archaeology (CMRAE), joined MIT in January of this year and was still putting the finishing touches on his laboratory. But he had already endeared himself to colleagues and students by going the extra mile in mentorship, encouraging others to use his new equipment, and even using a portion of his lab startup funds on things the department needed.

“Everyone can look at his papers and his past and understand why he was such a good fit here technically,” Senior Lecturer Michael Tarkanian says. “But in the time he was here, it was even more impressive how likable, friendly, and open he was. He was everything you could have asked for as a colleague and a person. I thought, ‘What luck to be able to work with this person for the rest of my career.’ He was that good.”

Rose was born in Berlin, Germany. He discovered his life’s passion as a child, through a set of books about ancient Egypt.

“Thomas had a strong interest in archaeology already from a young age and participated in an excavation before he began his studies of archaeology,” Katrin Westner of the Deutsches Bergbau Museum Bochum and Professor Sabine Klein of the Ruhr University of Bochum wrote in a joint email tribute. “He was an incredibly inspired and enthusiastic researcher and was always bursting with new research ideas. We remember Thomas not only as a brilliant and dedicated researcher but also as a very close friend. We miss him deeply.”

Rose received his bachelor’s and master’s degrees from Goethe University Frankfurt and earned his PhD in archaeology through a joint doctoral program at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev in Israel and Sapienza University of Rome in Italy. Before coming to MIT, Rose held research and coordination roles in Germany at the Deutsches Bergbau Museum Bochum and Goethe University Frankfurt.

Rose’s research focused on ancient metallurgy and pyrotechnology that shaped early human societies, including how copper and its alloys were produced, transformed, and circulated.

The work integrated geochemistry, mineralogy, experimental archaeology, and materials science, making Rose an excellent fit in MIT’s tight-knit CMRAE group, which merges materials science with archaeology.

“The field of archaeometallurgy is unique,” explains Professor Polina Anikeeva, head of the Department of Materials Science and Engineering. “We had been looking for a faculty with the right skill set for at least 20 years. We needed someone who was world class in archaeology and materials science. We were looking for a unicorn, and we found him.”

Following the announcement of Rose’s hiring, a group from CMRAE traveled to a conference in Italy and heard from scholars based around the world about how lucky they were to have him.

“Thomas was an exceptionally talented and versatile scientist,” says University of Tuebingen Professor Silvia Amicone. “His ability to bring together archaeology, archaeometallurgy, geoscience, and materials science was remarkable. He was also committed to developing digital tools and promoting open, accessible, and reusable archaeological data. This combination of scientific rigor, methodological creativity, and engagement with broader archaeological questions made his work especially valuable. I was always impressed by Thomas’s brilliant intellect, collegial spirit, enthusiasm, and dedication to his work. Above all, he was a genuinely kind and good person.”

Rose had never taught before coming to MIT, but he was excited to begin his first courses this fall. His lab’s first batch of graduate researchers just arrived at MIT, but Rose had already begun mentoring students.

“He was the kindest person you could meet,” says Assistant Professor Tania Lopez-Silva, whose office was close to Rose’s. “He was always smiling. He really cared about his students, and he had a lot of momentum here. He was here first thing in the morning and late into the night.”

Several colleagues recalled the energy and enthusiasm he brought to work.

“He was so excited every day,” Anikeeva says. “Every day was a dream come true for Thomas. He was at the right place at the right time. He was so excited to collaborate and learn. He felt like he got his dream job, and everything he’d ever imagined was about to happen. It’s an unrealized vision.”

Tarkanian had recently restarted weekly meetings among researchers in CMRAE, which Rose attended consistently. Forging connections was a theme of Rose’s career.

“He had a long reach with both young and established scholars, and he inspired his friends and colleagues to show up,” says postdoc Benjamin Sabatini. “His work in archaeometry was paramount, and it showed in the people who gathered around him.”

Rose was also the co-founder of the Young Researchers in Archaeometry workshop, which brought together early-career researchers from around the world to present work and connect.

“Since [its founding], he accompanied every year’s workshop organizing meeting, always with immense kindness and support, making a lasting impact on each of us,” researchers Sinem Haciosmanoglu and Baptiste Solard wrote together in an email. “He was an exceptionally talented and dedicated researcher. Even at an early stage of his career, he brought new ideas and perspectives to the field. For many of us, he also played an important role in bringing together all fields of archaeological sciences, natural sciences, and cultural heritage.”

Outside of research, Rose was fond of rowing on the Charles River and was an avid member of MIT’s Archery Club. He loved manga Japanese comics and dancing. Lopez-Silva described Rose as humble and sometimes reserved, but on a recent recruitment outing with students, he fully committed himself to a very memorable karaoke performance.

“The students loved him,” Tarkanian says. “You could see that he cared about them, and they cared about him. He was going to be that kind of mentor.”

Editor's note: An earlier version of this article referred to a bicycle “accident” in the first paragraph. On Sept. 4, that was changed to “crash,” to avoid any suggestions regarding cause or culpability.

Fabrication platform could enable flexible, transparent next-generation photonic chips

This scalable process produces high-performance chips for applications like discreet wearables or pliable augmented-reality displays.

The field of silicon photonics, which uses light rather than electricity to transmit and process data on semiconductor chips, has enabled optical systems to evolve from bulky setups to compact and advanced systems. Typically, however, these silicon-photonics chips are rigid and opaque.

MIT scientists have now figured out a scalable way to make silicon-photonics chips flexible and transparent, opening a route to advanced microchips that could be used in applications such as discreet health monitors that conform to the body or transparent augmented-reality displays that fit the curve of a pilot’s helmet.

While scientists have recently performed lab demonstrations of chips that were flexible or transparent, they could only fabricate a few devices at a time.

The MIT researchers, in close collaboration with engineers at NY Creates at the Albany NanoTech Complex, created a fabrication process that uses standard semiconductor manufacturing techniques to generate flexible and transparent silicon-photonics chips on large-scale wafers.

To validate this platform, the researchers bent a single chip thousands of times around cylinders with various diameters — down to the width of a small screw — with no drop in performance. They also determined that looking through the chips would not cause much haze or distortion. 

“We’ve now developed a wafer-scale process that produces wafers that are mechanically flexible and optically transparent, enabling novel applications that weren’t previously possible with silicon photonics. We hope that, by working closely with our colleagues at NY Creates and using the foundry at the Albany NanoTech Complex, there’s the potential for us to make the platform accessible to other groups within our research community and open these new application areas to the field of silicon photonics as a whole,” says Jelena Notaros, the Robert J. Shillman Career Development Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS) at MIT, a member of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, and senior author of a paper on this fabrication platform.

Her co-authors include lead author Tal Sneh and Andres Garcia Coleto, EECS graduate students; Thomas Dyer and Kevin Fealey of the New York Center for Research, Economic Advancement, Technology, Engineering, and Science (NY Creates); and Milica Notaros PhD ’23. The paper appears in the journal Optica.

Flexible and transparent

Over the past decade, researchers have developed techniques to fabricate precise and highly reliable silicon-photonics devices at scale. 

They use advanced microelectronics foundry processes to produce 300-millimeter-diameter wafers with billions of nanoscale optical devices. But these methods yield silicon-photonics chips that are rigid and opaque.

“We realized that there are a lot of applications that would benefit from having a chip that is flexible and transparent,” Notaros says.

Scientists have previously made single silicon-photonics chips that were either transparent or flexible, but these techniques weren’t scalable. To address this scaling challenge, Notaros’ group recently demonstrated a foundry-scale process for making silicon-photonics chips on a flexible substrate.

Now, the team pushed these innovations even farther with a scalable process that produces 300-millimeter silicon-photonics wafers that are both transparent and flexible. 

Their fabrication process begins as if they were making a traditional, rigid silicon wafer. The researchers carefully deposit and pattern tiny optical wires known as waveguides onto this rigid silicon substrate. 

Then they bond a temporary silicon wafer on top. They flip the wafer over and remove all of the original silicon substrate from what is now the top of the wafer. They are then left with a flat layer of material with a thickness less than a tenth of a human hair.

“Thanks to the fact that we added that rigid temporary support before we flipped the wafer over, we can go all the way down so we are just left with the oxide and waveguiding layers,” Sneh says.

They use an adhesive to stick a thin, transparent polyester film on top of these ultrathin layers and “de-bond” the temporary silicon wafer from the bottom to remove it. 

This leaves them with a flexible, transparent wafer only a few microns thick that contains the oxide and waveguide layers needed to capture and transport light for silicon photonics.

“Because we are using stable 300-millimeter foundry fabrication tools, we can design systems with a very large number of devices and feel confident that they are going to perform up to specifications, which is extremely important,” Sneh adds.

The biggest challenge in developing this fabrication process was removing enough material from a large 300-millimeter-diameter silicon wafer to leave only a few microns of material behind.

During fabrication, stress on the wafer typically causes it to bow slightly, making this silicon removal process especially challenging. 

“As we were flipping the wafers over on these substrates, if the strain isn’t properly managed and the wafer isn’t perfectly flat, it is going to get ripples across its surface or even shatter in the fabrication line,” Dyer says.

The researchers carefully managed that stress by sticking to low temperature processes at or below 500 degrees Celsius.

They also had to find the right ordering and combination of removal methods. 

They used industrial processes to thin the silicon layer, but switched to a more precise selective chemical etch for the last bit. This ensured they would not damage the ultrathin layers left behind.

An eye on performance

The researchers performed three experiments to test different functionalities of these flexible, transparent silicon-photonics wafers.

First, they tested the optical performance of chips with integrated waveguides of different lengths to determine their waveguiding properties. 

Then they tested flexibility by bending a chip thousands of times around cylinders with different diameters. These experiments showed no degradation in performance even when they bent it around a cylinder about the size of a small screw. The device didn’t start to degrade until the researchers bent it around a toothpick several times.

“This experiment validated that the platform can be used for our proposed applications, performing even well beyond the metrics required for these intended systems,” Garcia Coleto says.

They also evaluated transparency by setting up a bionic eye and testing whether the chip would distort the user’s vision when placed in front of the eye. They found that the chip causes only minimal haze for the viewer and would not noticeably distort images the eye perceives when looking through it.

These characteristics could make these chips especially well-suited for enabling silicon-photonics systems for applications like curved augmented-reality displays that conform to a heads-up-display windshield or airplane pilot’s visor. In a pilot’s visor, for instance, such an augmented-reality display could replace the heavy bulk-optical systems that currently provide real-time information to help the pilot react to dangerous conditions.

In the future, the researchers want to add more complex components and functionality to the chips as they move toward enabling these and other new applications. They also want to refine the design to further improve waveguide efficiency and boost transparency performance.

This research was funded, in part, by the National Science Foundation, the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, and a MathWorks Fellowship. Wafer processing was performed at NY Creates, and chip dicing was conducted at MIT.nano.

New qubit architecture enables faster, more accurate operations

This advance could be a big step toward developing a scalable, practical quantum computer.

Researchers from MIT have designed a new qubit architecture that enables qubits to interact with each other much more quickly while remaining very stable. This advance could someday help scientists build practical quantum computers that can run long, complex algorithms with high accuracy.

Qubits, which are the building blocks of a quantum computer, usually only store data and rely on other electronics to perform operations and communicate. But qubits are so fragile and error-prone that it is difficult for scientists to connect enough qubits before they lose their information and need to be reset.

The MIT team designed a dual-purpose qubit with two separate parts: one component that stores data and one component that interacts with other qubits and electronics. This design improves the reliability of the qubit and enables it to operate with a reduced error rate, so it can perform more computations in the same time span.

Their simulations indicate that this new qubit architecture could allow significantly faster and higher-fidelity operations than existing designs. 

While this research is still in its early days, it holds the potential to help scientists build large-scale, useful quantum computers that can solve real problems which are too difficult for traditional supercomputers to handle.

“This work feels like a big step. It is a new architecture that shows how much these systems can be engineered. We have taken two ideas and put them together in a way that can help us accomplish this qubit codesign that we are looking for, creating a pretty rare combination of the things we need to do quantum error correction,” says Alec Yen, who earned his electrical engineering and computer science (EECS) PhD this spring and is co-author of a paper describing the new architecture.

He is joined on the paper by lead author Jeremy Kline, an EECS graduate student; Stanley Chen, an MIT undergraduate; and senior author Kevin O’Brien, an associate professor in EECS and principal investigator in the Research Laboratory of Electronics (RLE). The work appears in Physical Review Applied.

A dual-purpose qubit

Just like the bits in a classical computer, quantum bits store information. But unlike classical bits, quantum bits have very short lifespans and can break down quickly when scientists connect them to make a quantum computer.

This degradation, known as decoherence, introduces errors in computations that rapidly build up, derailing long calculations before they are complete.

“The goal for doing all this is to build a fault-tolerant quantum computer where you can correct these errors as they happen, so then you can do long computations and actually do useful things with a quantum computer,” O’Brien explains.

To make qubits more reliable, the MIT researchers developed a new design that includes two separate but connected components: one which stores data and one which interacts with every other part of the quantum circuit.

This interaction component is like an arm that reaches out to other parts of the system, so the researchers call their design the “arm qubit.”

“It is engineered for these two, dual purposes — accomplished together by the data mode and arm mode — and these two goals really matter when you try to do quantum error correction,” Yen says.

Essentially, their design combines two different types of qubits. To make the data mode, they use one popular qubit design which has been known to have a very long lifespan, or coherence. 

The arm mode utilizes a different design that exhibits very strong interactions with other components such as a resonator, which is an electronic component that allows for readout of quantum computations. Readout is the process of measuring a quantum system’s state and translating it into a classical value.

The key to this new architecture is a special coupling unit the researchers previously developed, which they used to connect the data mode and the arm mode. 

Stronger coupling

Normally, coupling the modes together could cause unwanted interactions between them that would build up as more qubits are linked to the system. 

One way to avoid this mixing is to use a technique called nonlinear coupling, which occurs when two components are linked in such a way that changing the state of one causes the other to change in response. Nonlinear coupling is essential for running most quantum algorithms.

The special device the researchers used, known as a quarton coupler, enables very strong nonlinear coupling between the data mode and arm mode, which significantly reduces unwanted mixing. This coupling allows the qubit to perform operations faster before it decoheres.

“By dedicating the ‘arm’ component to coupling, we were able make a design that is scalable, robust to manufacturing errors, and still uses a quarton coupler to achieve strong nonlinear coupling,” Kline says.

When they tested the design in simulations, the arm qubit outperformed other superconducting qubit architectures by yielding state-of-the-art coherence time as well as faster operations and readout. 

The speed and reliability of this new architecture may accelerate quantum error correction, which is an important step in making quantum computers practical.

From here, the researchers plan to work toward fabricating the arm qubit so they can further study its properties and capabilities and integrate it into real quantum systems. 

“This work leaves me with a lot of suspense because our simulations are very promising. Next, we’ll need to see if we can make it, and determine whether we missed anything in the modeling or design. If we can fabricate this qubit, it could be a building block for future error-correcting quantum computers,” O’Brien says.

This work is funded, in part, by the Army Research Office, the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, a Doc Bedard Fellowship from the MIT Center for Quantum Engineering and the Laboratory for Physical Sciences. 

Giving farmers a more sustainable way to protect crops

Led by Andee Wallace PhD ’20, Robigo uses cutting-edge biotechnology to engineer microbes to fight pests, reducing the need for harmful chemical pesticides.

Each year, farmers around the world spend $80 billion on pesticides for their crops. Those pesticides impact not only harmful insects but also bees and beneficial bacteria in the soil. They can also run off into waterways and harm the environment. And, they are increasingly being linked to human diseases like Parkinson’s and cancer.

Amid growing awareness of those problems, pesticides made from living microbes are gaining popularity. Unfortunately, such microbial pesticides are often less effective, forcing farmers to choose between potential environmental damage and higher crop yields.

Now, Robigo is equipping naturally occurring microbes with more potent pest-fighting capabilities. The company, which was co-founded by Andee Wallace PhD ’20, uses technologies more commonly associated with medical applications, like RNA interference and CRISPR, to engineer self-replicating microbes that target plant pathogens more precisely than chemical pesticides and more effectively than other biologically based solutions.

“Chemical pesticides have been a cornerstone of agricultural production for the past 70 years, to the point that it’s nearly impossible to envision an agricultural system without them,” Wallace says. “But that’s the long-term vision we have: providing growers new tools to enable a food system that is in balance with the environment, and that is productive, resilient, and safe.”

In field trials across five states, the company has already shown its microbes offer comparable results to chemical pesticides. In one trial comparing Robigo’s product with another commercial microbial product last summer, Robigo’s system led to a 250 percent increase in crop yield.

“Many crops, like lettuce, are harvested by hand, and the grower told me if a disease reduces yield even by just 25 percent, it’s not economical for them to pay workers to harvest the field at all,” Wallace says. “Growers are just trying to produce enough food to feed everyone. That’s why they use pesticides in the first place. We’re trying to give them a better choice.”

Engineered biology for agriculture

Wallace did her PhD in the lab of Chris Voigt, MIT’s Daniel I.C. Wang Professor and the head of the Department of Biological Engineering. She joined the lab after working at Bolt Threads, a startup spun out of the Voigt lab that was designing a material for the fashion industry inspired by spider silk.

“I came into MIT knowing that I wanted to join Voigt’s lab,” Wallace says. “I was really enamored with biomaterials in general. There are so many examples of animals and organisms that make incredible materials that we humans can’t replicate.”

Wallace’s PhD focused on engineering microbes in an attempt to replicate intricate glass nanostructures produced by single-cell algae called diatoms.

Wallace enjoyed her startup experience and explored entrepreneurship throughout her time at MIT. But it wasn’t until after graduation that she reconnected with two MIT students, Jai Padmakumar PhD ’23 and Connor Sweeney ’21, and decided to start her own company.

The founders’ initial idea was to engineer microbes to deliver CRISPR to target and kill bacteria that are harmful to crops. They used a number of MIT resources to get the company off the ground, including the Venture Mentoring Service, MIT Sandbox, delta v, and the MIT $100K Entrepreneurship Competition. Sweeney was involved in the venture for about a year. Padmakumar left Robigo in 2022.

Today Robigo is addressing a problem of growing importance to the agriculture industry.

“Chemical pesticides are under incredible pressures: increasing scrutiny from consumers and regulators, and increasing pesticide resistance among pests, diseases, and weeds,” Wallace explains. “Over the past 40 years, only two new herbicide chemistry modes of action have been commercialized, so people are understandably worried. If we can’t develop new solutions, resistance is only going to grow and will leave growers without effective tools to protect their crops. I think biotechnology has the potential to solve that problem.”

Farmers hope so, too: In an attempt to address environmental and health concerns, they have increasingly turned to so-called biological pesticide solutions, which are mostly made from natural sources like plant extracts, microbe-derived natural products, and increasingly biotechnology solutions like peptides and RNA.

“They are safer and better for the environment, but currently they just don’t perform as well or as reliably as synthetic chemistry pesticides, so there’s a big distrust among growers,” Wallace says. “Growers are being asked to choose between high performance or safety and sustainability. Robigo is trying to solve that problem by giving them products that do both.”

Robigo’s ARGO biotechnology platform combines synthetic biology and proprietary computational design processes to engineer microbes that perform at a similar level to chemical pesticides, but with improved safety profiles for people and the planet. A key part of that approach is leveraging microbes’ self-replicating abilities to continuously produce and deliver bioactive molecules in the field over the course of the growing season.

The company has moved in recent years from delivering CRISPR to RNA-interference, or RNAi, which inhibits key functions in the pathogens they want to target.

Robigo also differs from other microbial pesticide companies in its approach. Wallace says other companies screen to discover new microbes with the properties they want, then cultivate those for sprays and other modes of applications. But these specialized microbes may not be able to thrive in, say, the microbiome of California farm soil where they’re needed. That means they may die off soon after being deployed. Robigo, conversely, focuses on equipping robust, industry-proven microbes with the ability to target specific pests and diseases.

“Our starting point is ‘What crops will this be used for? and ‘What diseases do we want to control?’” Wallace says. “To design safer products, we need to be direct in how we’re designing RNAi to target different diseases. Another layer of our technology is what we call RNAi stacking, where we combine multiple RNAi into a single microbe to broaden the spectrum of pathogens we can control with a single product.”

Lab to farm to table

Last year, Robigo ran field trials for its two lead products, with soybeans and lettuce across the U.S. Midwest and West. Working with third-party testing companies, they showed a single application of their microbes offered protection for crops over the entire growing season and matched the performance of the leading chemical pesticide at a fraction of the cost. 

“That’s very unusual for biological products, and even many chemical products, so we’re really optimistic about engineered microbes being a new solution that disrupts the conventional chemical pesticide paradigm,” Wallace says.

Wallace says Robigo is expanding fourfold this year and plans to expand even faster next year with the help of major agrochemical companies interested in more sustainable solutions. The company is also partnering to expand to other crops as it helps farmers around the world.

“There are a lot of opportunities we’re excited about, and we’re working with a number of partners as we scale,” Wallace says. “Over the past nine months, we’ve systematically used our ARGO platform to tackle new opportunities, and we have a number of products in the pipeline we’re working to bring to growers around the world.”

Building foundations that last

Assistant Professor Iwnetim Abate creates space for ambitious research and sustainable growth for his graduate students.

How do you build something that lasts? For MIT Assistant Professor Iwnetim "Tim" Abate, the answer is the same whether he’s reimagining how the materials beneath our feet can store energy and manufacture essential chemicals, or mentoring MIT’s future researchers: focus on the foundation.

Rocks provide an unexpected thread connecting Abate’s research and his approach to mentorship. His research brings together electrochemistry, materials science, and Earth sciences to explore how the materials that make up our planet can be harnessed to address some of society’s most pressing challenges in energy and sustainable manufacturing.

In one line of inquiry, his group uses Earth-abundant elements found in rocks, such as manganese and iron, to develop high-energy, low-cost, and more sustainable batteries. In another, they are exploring how the Earth’s subsurface itself could function as a chemical factory. By harnessing naturally reactive rocks, geothermal heat, and injected fluids, they seek to pioneer new ways of producing valuable fuels and chemicals underground, with lower external energy requirements and emissions than conventional industrial processes.

Although batteries and subsurface chemical manufacturing operate at vastly different scales, they share a common philosophy: understanding the intrinsic chemistry of Earth’s materials deeply enough to harness it for useful transformations.

While Abate's research spans a broad range of scientific disciplines, his approach to mentorship is guided by a simple principle: helping students lay the groundwork for their careers after graduate school. Rather than measuring success solely through publications or technical accomplishments, he strives to equip students with the scientific skills, resilience, curiosity, and perspective needed to navigate any path their career may take.

"I often think about mentorship through the image of a rock," Abate explains. "A structure built on rock can withstand storms and the test of time. In the same way, I believe the most important role of a mentor is not simply to help students complete a project or publish papers, but to help them build a strong foundation."

Abate puts this philosophy into practice through his investment in his students' growth as researchers, professionals, and individuals.

In celebration of his exemplary mentorship, Abate has been recognized through MIT's Committed to Caring initiative, a student-driven program that honors graduate mentors who foster supportive and inclusive research environments.

Building holistic relationships

Students often arrive at graduate school with different ambitions. Whether they hope to pursue academia, industry, entrepreneurship, or public service, Abate begins by learning about each person's long-term goals.

Each time a new student joins his group, he meets with them individually to discuss their aspirations and helps tailor aspects of their PhD experience accordingly. Students say these conversations continue throughout their time in the lab, with regular one-on-one meetings focused on both research progress and career development, homing in on their opportunities beyond MIT.

For students interested in entrepreneurship, Abate leverages his own network, introducing them to venture capital firms, philanthropic organizations, and collaborators working across academia and industry. He encourages his students to pursue internships, recognizing that experiences outside the university can strengthen both their research perspective and their future careers.

Students also emphasize his ability to connect them with the expertise they need to push research forward. Whether facilitating access to specialized instrumentation or identifying researchers with complementary knowledge, Abate actively builds the relationships that allow his students and their projects to thrive.

Despite leading a growing research group while balancing teaching responsibilities and launching a startup, nominators wrote that Abate "consistently [shows] up for his students."

He makes time for individual chats with students, subgroup discussions, and weekly lab meetings, all while actively seeking their perspectives on research challenges. "Tim is often curious [to hear] our point of view on research problems and actively looks for our feedback," reflected one nominator. 

This openness creates a synergistic environment where students are encouraged to help shape the direction of the group's work.

Creating space for ambitious ideas

Innovation, Abate believes, depends on more than technical expertise.

"Students need to know that it is OK to pursue ideas that may not work, and that setbacks are part of discovery, rather than signs of failure," he says. "My goal is to create an environment where ambitious ideas are welcomed, careful thinking is valued, and students know they have someone who believes in them through both successes and disappointments."

Students say this philosophy is reflected in the way that Abate approaches advising. Rather than directing every decision, he encourages them to think independently, remaining available whenever guidance is needed. His vast professional network often becomes an extension of that mentorship, opening doors to partnerships and expertise that help students tackle increasingly ambitious research questions.

This commitment to building strong foundations extends beyond his own research group. Since graduate school, Abate has worked to expand access to STEM education through his nonprofit Sci-Fro, which supports educational outreach across Africa. He has also contributed to broader efforts to strengthen scientific infrastructure and research institutions across the continent. 

For Abate, these efforts reflect the same philosophy that guides his mentorship: lasting scientific progress depends not only on individual discoveries, but also on investing in people, communities, and institutions that enable future generations of scientists to thrive.

Supporting the person behind the PhD

Abate regularly checks in during one-on-one meetings, asking how his students are doing and what support they need. He believes these conversations are an essential part of advising.

"Graduate school is one of the most formative periods of a person's life," he says. "While research is important, I don't think success should come at the expense of health, relationships, or personal growth."

He encourages students to build lives that remain meaningful beyond the laboratory, recognizing that the habits, friendships, and perspectives developed during graduate school often shape them just as much as their scientific accomplishments.

Through steady guidance, meaningful connections, and genuine care for each student's well-being, Abate demonstrates a passion for developing exceptional researchers.

"I hope they leave MIT with a strong foundation — both scientifically and personally — that enables them to navigate future challenges, lead with integrity, and build fulfilling lives wherever their careers take them."

System helps humans predict when self-driving cars will make mistakes

A new method, called CW-Net, translates the reasoning process of an autonomous vehicle’s AI system into understandable concepts that explain its behavior.

Self-driving cars are often controlled by deep learning models that sometimes fail in unexpected situations. For instance, the car might inexplicably brake and block the path of an oncoming emergency vehicle. A human driver or passenger may need to react rapidly to prevent a collision.

To help humans better anticipate a vehicle’s mistakes, researchers from MIT and autonomous vehicle technology company Motional developed a new method that provides clear explanations of the underlying model’s decisions.

Usually, the internal reasoning process of a deep learning model is opaque and difficult to understand. But the new method, called the Concept-Wrapper Network (CW-Net), translates that reasoning process into concepts that faithfully describe the autonomous vehicle’s decisions without altering its driving performance.

CW-Net explains the decisions of machine learning-based planners using understandable concepts, like “approaching stopped vehicle” or “close to cyclist.” These explanations can correct misconceptions drivers and passengers have about vehicle behavior and improve their situational awareness.

In road tests on a private track, CW-Net explanations helped safety drivers more accurately predict vehicle behavior; a larger simulation study with nonexpert users yielded similar results. These experiments show how CW-Net can provide important feedback for engineers as they troubleshoot in-vehicle artificial intelligence systems. In the longer term, this technique could boost the safety and transparency of autonomous vehicles, while building appropriate trust in drivers and passengers.

“This work shows how explanations are supportive to the human’s mental model and understanding of the behavior of a system, and how it could be used in engineering and development to improve the technology,” says Julie Shah, an MIT professor of aeronautics and astronautics, director of the Interactive Robotics Group in the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL), and co-senior author of the paper on CW-Net. “Unless we are building these technologies in a way that we can rely on and predict their behavior, then it is a shaky and unsafe foundation for their use.”

She is joined on the paper by lead author Eoin Kenny, a former MIT postdoc who is now a senior AI researcher at J.P. Morgan Chase; co-senior author Momchil Tomov, a staff research scientist at Motional; as well as Motional team members Akshay Dharmavaram, Sang Uk Lee, Tung Phan-Minh, Shreyas Rajesh, Yunqing Hu, and Laura Major, president and CEO of Motional. The research appears today in Nature.

Faithful explanations

Machine-learning-based planners act as the “brain” of a self-driving car. These powerful deep-learning architectures process data from the vehicle’s cameras and lidar sensors, generate a high-level summary of the vehicle’s environment, decide what the car should do next, and output a trajectory for it to follow.

The planners are usually black-box models, which means their internal decision-making process is so complex it is difficult to understand. This can leave scientists and safety drivers in the dark about why an autonomous vehicle made an unexpected decision, like phantom braking.

The researchers designed CW-Net to explain a vehicle’s decisions using understandable concepts, while ensuring those explanations accurately reflect the true reasons behind its behavior. 

“Especially in high-stakes settings like self-driving cars, it’s important that the explanations are not potentially misleading. Because CW-Net is causally faithful in how it makes decisions, that provides certain guarantees around the explanations,” Kenny says.

CW-Net is a “concept classifier,” an AI algorithm that has been trained to predict the high-level concepts that exist within input data. The researchers plug the CW-Net module into the middle of an autonomous vehicle’s existing machine-learning planner architecture.

It translates the model’s internal reasoning process into understandable concepts, like “approaching stopped vehicle” or “close to cyclist.” Then it forces the final piece of the planning model architecture to use those concepts when it decides what the vehicle should do next. In this way, CW-Net ensures the concepts faithfully explain the vehicle’s actions. 

At the same time, CW-Net uses the concepts it classified to generate clear explanations that are output along with the vehicle trajectory, in real-time.

“Instead of just wondering why the car stopped, having real-time data provides feedback that lets you test the system during deployment. You could also give that data to an engineer to potentially improve the system,” Kenny says. 

The researchers trained CW-Net to predict concepts using a dataset of 130 million examples of scenes from self-driving cars, with multiple labeled concepts in each scene. Using such a large, labeled dataset enables it to identify concepts accurately in a wide range of settings.

They also designed CW-Net to mimic the driving decisions of machine-learning-based planners, so the module would not negatively impact vehicle performance.

In the end, CW-Net generates accurate, understandable explanations without altering the original deep learning model.

Improving situational awareness

To test CW-Net, the researchers deployed the module on a real autonomous driving test vehicle (a Motional robotaxi) on a private track with a safety driver. They found that CW-Net helped the safety driver better predict how the vehicle would behave in surprising situations.

For instance, the vehicle consistently stopped when it approached a cyclist, and the safety driver assumed it did so because it detected that cyclist. But CW-Net explanations revealed that the model wasn’t properly configured to detect the cyclist and chose a trajectory that would have caused a collision. Instead, it stopped because its emergency braking procedure kicked in when it got too close.

Armed with this information about the model’s mistake, the safety driver could reduce speed or engage manual driving mode sooner in similar situations. This could also help engineers fix the model to avoid this failure in the future.

In larger online simulation studies using real driving situations captured on the roads of Las Vegas, the researchers saw similar results. CW-Net explanations significantly improved participants’ abilities to predict how an autonomous vehicle will behave.

In the future, the researchers could extend CW-Net so the module can cover more concepts and explore different training and design techniques that could boost performance and improve interpretability.

“Our study shows how crucial interpretability can be to these high-stakes environments, and how it should be on the mind of people as they are making AI in the future, for self-driving cars or other safety-critical environments,” Kenny says.

New research shows a neutrino laser is impossible

Due to physical and fundamental limitations, an earlier proposal for producing laserlike beams of neutrinos cannot be achieved, scientists report.

Neutrinos are the pervasive yet intangible particles that permeate the universe, streaming through whole planets, stars, and our bodies by the trillions each second. The elementary particles are often described as “ghostly” for their near-zero mass and their elusive nature, as they have very little interaction with normal matter. 

Since their discovery in 1956, neutrinos have continued to surprise physicists with their unexpected properties and behaviors. For instance, the particles come in multiple “flavors” and can morph from one to the other like subatomic shape-shifters. Neutrinos may also be their own anti-particle, in a Jekyll-and-Hyde-like quantum duality. And their extremely weak interactions make them nearly impossible to detect.  

Last year, scientists seemed to add to the particle’s mystique, with a concept for a neutrino laser. They proposed that a concentrated beam of neutrinos could be produced by cooling a cloud of radioactive atoms to nanokelvin temperatures, one-billionth the temperature of interstellar space. Slowed to a near-frozen crawl, the atoms would form a Bose-Einstein condensate and should act as one quantum, coherent whole, in a way that speeds up and amplifies their radioactive decay. The physicists assumed that neutrinos, being a natural byproduct of radioactive decay, should also be amplified, and that such a process should emit a laser-like beam of the ghostly particles. 

But work by MIT physicists has now shown that the neutrino laser concept, and a similar proposal for gamma-rays, is impossible. In two companion papers appearing today in Physical Review Letters, Wolfgang Ketterle, the John D. MacArthur Professor of Physics at MIT, together with postdocs Hanzhen Lin and Yu-Kun Lu, presents a two-part analysis that demonstrates both concepts are physically and fundamentally not possible. More specifically, they have shown that the neutrino laser concept is flawed, due to “recoil” (as in, the kinetic energy created by the reaction), and due to a neutrino’s fundamental “fermionic” nature. 

“These two papers are sort of punch one and punch two,” Ketterle says. “Each paper would have killed the proposal.”

MIT professor of physics Joe Formaggio, who put forth the neutrino laser proposal with Ben Jones, who at the time was associate professor of physics at the University of Texas at Arlington, sees the new results as a convincing and constructive challenge. 

“When a new idea — such as the one we proposed — is shared, it is the duty of the community to scrutinize it. Such is the scientific process,” Formaggio says. “Indeed, it was great to see how our paper generated a lot of thinking outside of our original concept. We suspect that will continue.”

A quantum amplifier

The proposal for a neutrino laser was based on the idea of “superradiance” — a quantum, amplifying effect that had only been observed for photons. 

One form of superradiance occurs when a cloud of atoms is cooled to near absolute zero, at which point an atom’s motion is determined not by thermal effects, but purely by quantum uncertainty. In this state of near standstill, which is known as a “Bose-Einstein condensate,” (BEC) the atoms move in sync, as a quantumly correlated whole. 

If photons are pumped into the condensate as a laser beam, the atoms synchronize to scatter the photons back out, in the exact same direction. In contrast, a cloud of atoms at room temperature would simply scatter the photons in random directions, generating, at best, a soft glow. As photons scatter off atoms, the atoms should in turn “recoil,” as if they were physically pushed backward from the impact. In a BEC, because the atoms recoil in sync, the rate at which they scatter photons, in the same direction, grows exponentially. This amplifying effect results in a “superradiant” laser of photons, which scientists have observed. 

In their proposal, Formaggio and Jones, who is now at the University of Manchester, suggested that the same superradiant effect could be possible for radioactive atoms, which naturally emit neutrinos as they decay. If a cloud of radioactive atoms were cooled to form a Bose-Einstein condensate, a similar amplifying effect should kick in and generate a concentrated beam of neutrinos as the atoms decay in sync. To illustrate their point, they outlined a scenario in which a cloud of radioactive rubidium atoms, once cooled into a BEC, would accelerate its radioactive decay, from a half-life of 86 days, to one minute.

No one has ever produced a BEC from radioactive atoms. But if it could be done, then the quantum state should, in theory, produce a neutrino laser. 

Instant recoil

For Ketterle, the idea seemed too good to be true. Ketterle is the leading expert on Bose-Einstein condensates, which he co-discovered in 1995, and for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2001. He and his group at MIT have revealed many surprising properties in Bose-Einstein condensates and other ultracold matter, where the energy of atoms is at their lowest.

“My experience has always been that the condensate can do marvelous things at low energy — superfluidity, vortices — and if you were to speak in a room filled with condensate, it would take one hour for you to hear my voice. That’s how slow the condensate is,” Ketterle says. “And I had always come to the conclusion that for anything violent, like nuclear reactions, the condensate would not do anything.”

Compared to visible photons, which have an energy of 1 electron volt, neutrinos are naturally emitted as atoms decay, with a million times more energy. When a neutrino blasts out from an atom, the emission should cause the atom in turn to recoil a million times more strongly than for visible photons. 

“As long as the recoil atom stays in the condensate, it can make the condensate superradiant,” Ketterle says. “But when a neutrino is emitted at a million electronvolts, the atom recoils at velocities equivalent to Mach 10, faster than a fighter jet. This is so fast that the atom would almost instantly disappear.”

Even so, the neutrino laser proposal assumed that the escaped atom should leave a sort of quantum imprint in the condensate, which tells the condensate as a whole to emit future neutrinos in the same exact, laser-like direction.

But in the first of two new papers, Ketterle and his team show through a theoretical analysis that this is not the case. They considered a model that describes superradiance. This model determines the conditions that would lead to superradiance of photons. Ketterle applied the model to the case of radioactive atoms and neutrinos, taking into account the range of energies at which the particles are emitted, as well as the resulting recoil of the decaying atom and the dynamics of the condensate throughout. 

These calculations showed that, in every scenario the team considered, superradiance was not possible. The atom simply recoiled too fast for any quantum imprint to build up. It was as if the condensate instantly loses the “memory” of the neutrino emitted, and therefore would continue emitting neutrinos as atoms normally would, without enhancement.

An anti-memory

In their second paper, the MIT researchers showed that in addition to being impossible due to a physical recoil effect, the concept of a neutrino laser is flawed due to the fundamental nature of neutrinos. 

They found that even if a recoiling atom were to leave a quantum imprint in the condensate, the imprint would not be of what to emit next, but rather, what not to emit. In other words, the memory of the emitted neutrino would tell the condensate to emit the next neutrino in any other direction, preventing the buildup of a directional neutrino beam. The researchers showed that this opposing memory, or “anti-correlation,” is due to the fact that a neutrino is, fundamentally, a fermion. 

Fermions and bosons are the two fundamental classes of particles that make up all the matter in the universe. Bosons are particles with whole-integer spins, such as photons. In contrast, fermions, such as electrons and neutrinos, have half-integer spins. Whether a particle has a whole or half integer spin determines how it interacts at a quantum level with other particles. 

“In superradiance, it is about a memory effect, or quantum correlations in the condensate. And in that context, people had thought that whatever is emitted from the condensate, it doesn’t matter if it is a boson or a fermion,” Ketterle explains. “But we analyzed it, and if you describe it correctly for emitted fermions, you get an anti-memory, which makes the condensate not accelerate in a superradiant form. It rather has the memory to not do it.”

Ketterle, Formaggio, and Jones have met on numerous occasions to talk through the original neutrino laser proposal, and Ketterle’s challenge to it.

“I suspect that someday, someone will do the experiment,” Formaggio says. “Nature, as always, is the final arbiter of such things. And here I would be remiss to not point out that every prior prediction about neutrinos has been wrong. The one thing about neutrinos that never surprises physicists is that they never fail to surprise.”

In part, Ketterle agrees: 

“Creative ideas and discussions among scientists are needed to uncover nature’s surprises,” he says. “But in the case of neutrino lasers, the surprise was too good to be true.”

This research is supported, in part, by the National Science Foundation, the Center for Ultracold Atoms, the Vannevar-Bush Faculty Fellowship, the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, and the U.S. Army Research Office.

Walter Torous named executive director of MIT Center for Real Estate

The senior lecturer, already director of the degree program, will now oversee all aspects of the center’s activities and operations.

Walter Torous, senior lecturer in the MIT Department of Urban Studies and Planning (DUSP) and the MIT Sloan School of Management, and director of the Master of Science in Real Estate Development Program (MSRED), was recently named executive director of the MIT Center for Real Estate (CRE) — effective July 1, 2026.

In announcing Torous’ appointment, School of Architecture and Planning Dean Hashim Sarkis also said that Justin Steil, professor of law and urban planning, will represent CRE as faculty chair of the Academic Curriculum Council.

“Together, Walter and Justin will guide CRE’s academic and strategic direction as it continues to strengthen its role within our school and the Institute,” Sarkis said. “Their appointments reflect the center’s distinctive position at the intersection of finance, design, planning, technology, and public policy — and its long-standing commitment to understanding real estate not only as a market force, but also as a driver of urban transformation and social change.”

As executive director, Torous will lead the CRE’s teaching, consortium activities, fundraising, and major events, while continuing to direct the MSRED program. He will also oversee the center’s staff, budget, and strategic direction, and work closely with Steil on the continuing evolution of CRE’s academic programs and industry engagement.

His appointment as executive director follows the tenure of STL Champion Professor Siqi Zheng, who served as CRE faculty director from July 2020 to June 2026.

Before coming to MIT in 2013, Torous was a professor at the Anderson School of Management at the University of California at Los Angeles and founding director of its Ziman Center for Real Estate. In addition to those positions, he also has held faculty appointments at the University of Michigan and the London Business School.

“Since joining MIT, Walter has played an important role in the growth and development of the MSRED program, educating generations of students in real estate finance and mortgage securitization,” Sarkis says. 

“Real estate, both commercial and residential, is undergoing a tremendous change in the U.S., as well as in Europe and Asia,” Torous says. “Demographic changes, as an aging population stays longer in their homes, are creating an imbalance in residential real estate markets. New technologies and work from home are buffeting commercial real estate. Retail is changing.  We’re in a period of turmoil, and I view the center’s role as being primarily to educate the next generation of leaders, especially in technology and financial markets, which are becoming ever more important to the functioning of real estate assets and markets. That requires that we train our students to be very facile with technology, so that they’re not affected by the ebbs and flows of changes, can maintain a strong career trajectory, and be stewards of the real estate industry going forward.” 

For this reason, he would like to see the MSRED curriculum expand beyond DUSP to add more content from architecture, civil and environmental engineering, the Media Lab, MIT Sloan, and other areas of the Institute. 

Torous also wants to more fully engage the 1,200-plus alumni from the center’s 43 years educating graduate students.

“A lot of our alums have assumed important positions in the real estate industry around the world,” he says. “In terms of training the next generation of real estate leaders, there’s a lot that we can learn from the industry leaders we’ve already produced.”

An economist and expert in the financial aspects of real estate known for his empirical studies of derivatives, options, mortgages, and other debt instruments, Torous’ research interests include the reorganization of financially distressed firms and statistical issues in finance.

His recent research has focused on better understanding why homeowners default on their mortgages. He is also interested in the application of machine learning to investigate how the dynamics of the U.S. commercial office market changed with the Covid-19 pandemic, and the lessons developers can learn about the new office market landscape. This research reflects the growing importance of AI and large language models to every aspect of real estate decision-making. Because of this, the MSRED curriculum now includes a class on AI and real estate, and Torous and Steil plan to add other, similar offerings.

“It’s important going forward that we focus on all aspects of real estate,” he says. “I look forward to working with Justin to create a curriculum that goes across the Institute and that will prepare CRE students to be leaders in the field.”

Atlas of the brain’s striatum could guide researchers to new drug treatments

A new study reveals insights into populations of neurons affected by Huntington’s disease, schizophrenia, addiction, and other disorders.

A region of the brain called the striatum is critical for many cognitive and motor functions, including decision-making, control of movement, habit formation, and processing of reward. It also plays a role in addiction and is significantly affected by Huntington’s disease, schizophrenia, and other disorders.

In work that could help scientists devise new treatments for those diseases, MIT researchers have generated a new atlas of the neurons found within the striatum. Using single-cell RNA sequencing and other techniques, they were able to identify 31 subgroups of neurons based on which genes they express.

These groups include neurons that are involved in addiction, depression, and schizophrenia. The researchers also discovered why some neurons of the striatum are more vulnerable to Huntington’s disease. All of these results, the researchers say, could help scientists develop new drugs to combat these conditions.

“We see this as the foundation that will allow more studies in our Huntington’s disease and opioid use disorder projects. We needed a roadmap of what is there,” says Myriam Heiman, the Picower Professor of Neuroscience and director of MIT’s Picower Institute for Learning and Memory.

Heiman; Manolis Kellis, a professor of computer science in MIT’s Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) and a member of the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; and Dana Gabuzda, a principal investigator at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and a professor of neurology at Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, are the senior authors of the study, which appears today in Cell. MIT postdoc Raleigh Linville and MIT graduate student Benjamin James are the paper’s lead authors.

Mapping the striatum

The striatum, located deep within the brain, receives diverse inputs from the cortex, midbrain, hippocampus, and other regions, which it uses to coordinate planning, movement, and decision-making, as well as processing reward. In this study, the researchers focused on the most populous cell type in the striatum, a type of inhibitory neuron called the medium spiny neuron, which responds to dopamine.

Most of these medium spiny neurons belong to either the direct pathway, which helps to promote movement, or the indirect pathway, which suppresses unwanted movements. These pathways are distinguishable by what type of dopamine receptor they express — dopamine receptor 1 (D1) or dopamine receptor 2 (D2).

Beyond these two divisions, scientists knew that there were many subpopulations performing different roles, especially in the anatomically ventral (lower) regions of the striatum. However, it has been difficult to generate a consensus on how to classify these cells, in part because prior studies focused on specific subregions, meaning that overarching principles of striatal cellular organization were lacking.

To overcome that challenge, the researchers worked closely with brain banks in the United States and Canada to collect postmortem striatal samples representing diverse anatomical regions. 

Then, they used three different techniques to analyze the samples, including single-cell RNA sequencing — a method that can measure RNA molecules within individual cells to reveal which genes are being expressed. Two additional techniques — multiplexed fluorescent in situ hybridization and spatial transcriptomics — allowed the researchers to identify spatial principles of organization within the tissue.

Using these techniques, the researchers were able to identify 31 different subpopulations of neurons, including nine types of medium spiny neurons. Among their medium spiny neuron types are two “outlier” populations that appear to play important roles in schizophrenia, substance use disorder, and depression.

One of those populations, known as D1 outliers, showed high expression of genes involved in addiction and substance use disorder, especially genes related to opioid response. Another population, called D2 outliers, showed high expression of genes that respond to antidepressants. And, both populations appeared to respond strongly to clozapine, an antipsychotic drug used to treat schizophrenia.

Clozapine is among the most effective antipsychotics available, but it’s not widely used in the United States because it can cause a fatal blood disorder in a small percentage of patients. Now that researchers know which cells the drug acts on, they may be able to design more targeted therapeutics to overcome psychosis, but without the harmful side effects, Heiman says.

Huntington’s vulnerability

Another key finding of the paper helps to shed light on why the dorsal (upper) part of the striatum is more vulnerable to Huntington’s disease. The disease is caused by an inherited version of the huntingtin gene that carries too many repetitive DNA segments, called CAG repeats. 

The researchers found that dorsal populations of medium spiny neurons express higher levels of the genes MSH2 and MSH3, which play a role in increasing the number of CAG repeats found in the huntingtin gene. As more of those repeats accumulate, the mutated version of the huntingtin protein becomes more harmful to cells.

The researchers also found that a rare population of medium spiny neurons that forms island-like structures in the ventral striatum was more resistant to the accumulation of CAG repeats. Further study of this class of cells might help researchers learn how to induce other medium spiny neurons to become more resistant to the disease, Heiman says.

“Looking at the genes that these neurons express or don’t express might give us some clues as to how to make other medium spiny neurons resilient like them,” she says. 

Insights into substance use disorders

The researchers also compared their findings from human tissue samples to samples from mice and found several differences, especially in the expression of genes related to drug response and substance use disorders. One such gene, which encodes the mu opioid receptor (OPRM1), is highly expressed in the human D1 outlier population, but not in the corresponding population of neurons in mice. 

This means that standard mouse models may not fully capture the biology of opioid responses, and that engineering mice to express this receptor in a similar manner to humans could make those models significantly more accurate.

“Some of the diversity we’re seeing in the human ventral striatum is species-specific and has implications for modeling substance use disorder in rodents,” Heiman says. “Now that we understand better the species differences, we can use the rodent models for specific questions that apply for conserved genes, but we could also think about humanizing some models.”

The researchers hope that this map, built from tissue contributions by brain donors and their families, and assembled across disciplines and institutions, will provide an important starting point for researchers pursuing new treatments for some of the most difficult-to-treat brain disorders.

The research was funded, in part, by the National Institutes of Health, the G. Harold and Leila Y. Mathers Charitable Foundation, the Freedom Together Foundation, the Natalia Mental Health Foundation, the Biswas Family Foundation, and the Milken Institute.

Ila Kumar: Innovating with communities

The PhD student works to give young people an active role in shaping digital technologies that can support their own well-being.

Before Ila Kumar thinks about how to build technology, she asks a different question: What is the context that technology will operate in, and who needs to be involved in the design? 

For Kumar, meaningful innovation doesn’t result from engineers or designers working in isolation. Instead, she believes the best innovations emerge when the people who stand to benefit from a technology help create it from the very beginning. 

That philosophy has guided her research in the Lifelong Kindergarten group, where she works alongside young people who have experienced trauma during childhood, particularly those involved in the child welfare system, to reimagine how technology can support healing, connection, and independence. 

“I really think that community-based design is the only way that we can make technology that accounts for communities’ needs, but also their barriers, their cultures, their concerns,” Kumar says. “It’s the only way that we can make really sustainable and positively impactful technology.” 

Today, Kumar is preparing to enter the sixth and final year of her PhD. But when she first arrived at MIT in 2021, she envisioned staying only long enough to complete a master’s degree. However, Kumar quickly fell in love with her work and decided to stay at MIT and pursue her doctorate.

Before graduate school, Kumar grew up in Philadelphia, attended the University of Pennsylvania, and worked on several projects at the intersection of technology and mental health or psychology research. 

Through those experiences, Kumar began to question whether the technology she was helping to develop was having the sustained impact she hoped for. “I had done a number of projects that were ‘tech for good,’” she says. “And I wasn’t seeing that what I was doing had a long-term impact.” 

Rather than walking away from technology altogether, Kumar began to rethink how it was created. “If we design technology in community-based ways and really think about holistic well-being,” she says, “maybe we can actually create things that help people.” 

That conviction eventually became the foundation of her doctoral research, and over the course of her PhD, Kumar has increasingly moved from simply listening to communities to building with them. 

Public conversations about technology often present a choice: Embrace it or reject it. Kumar believes that it’s not that simple. 

Kumar sees the way digital platforms have the potential to both harm young people’s mental health and development, and help young people process emotions, strengthen relationships, and practice healthy vulnerability — if those tools are designed thoughtfully and embedded in the systems where young people already receive care and support. 

Much of her work explores exactly what that could look like. 

One project Kumar worked on, in partnership with Stepping Forward LA and with the input of the young people who would use the app, replaces text-heavy communication with a visual collage system to help young people impacted by trauma and the child welfare system to express emotions that may be difficult to put into words, and to build a sense of connectedness with one another. 

In an ongoing project, Kumar is collaborating with the Justice Resource Institute to design a mobile app that supports youth in playing an active role in their treatment-planning process and helps them work toward the goals they set outside of the therapy office. The group is working with clinicians and youth to design and evaluate the system.

“We are not sitting at MIT designing tools and just throwing them at people,” Kumar says.  “We’re designing it together. We need to actually have the folks that are relevant to providing the care in the room.” 

That idea became even clearer to Kumar through a 10-month technology leadership circle she co-facilitated with Foster America. The program brought together people with lived experience of foster care and technology experts to envision how digital technologies could fill gaps in care for young people in the child welfare system. 

This project surfaced the importance of not just designing tools that center youths’ needs but also considering the ways in which social services need to be brought into the innovation process. 

Those ideas have also led Kumar to explorations that involve one of technology’s newest frontiers: artificial intelligence. She began asking questions after she realized that young people who had experienced trauma had already been turning to AI to make critical life decisions, even as many caregivers were not aware of it.

As a result, Kumar has increasingly focused on supporting care providers in talking with young people about AI. She has led training workshops with organizations that serve young people impacted by trauma or involved in the child welfare system.

Kumar’s passion for advocating for young people extends far beyond the lab. She also volunteers as a court-appointed special advocate, working one-on-one with a young person in the child welfare system while pursuing her PhD. 

The role has deepened both her understanding of the challenges young people face and her belief that lasting change depends on relationships.

Some of her most meaningful moments have come while working directly with young people.  Last summer, she, alongside another graduate student in her lab, mentored two interns with foster care experience during a six-week program that blended technology, creativity, and personal growth. 

“It felt like a real privilege,” Kumar says. “Even the six weeks was not enough.” 

Those relationships have also inspired Kumar to address how community-based research is conducted at MIT. 

Recognizing that many students interested in community-engaged work often feel isolated, she collaborated with the Priscilla King Gray Center for Social Impact to co-teach a course on community-driven innovation. She later established a biweekly community of practice connecting researchers across MIT and Harvard University who are navigating the benefits and challenges of conducting research alongside communities rather than simply studying them. 

Outside of research, Kumar enjoys birdwatching, cooking with friends, and creating graphic illustrations — creative pursuits that, much like her research, reward patience, observation, and careful attention. 

As technology becomes increasingly woven into young people’s lives, Kumar hopes innovation will move beyond the lab and into the communities it is meant to serve. 

“The future of actually impactful technologies,” Kumar says, “is when researchers are making decisions with communities instead of for them.”

At MIT convocation, a warm welcome for the Class of 2030

The Institute is “so glad and so grateful” to have this year’s new undergraduates aboard, President Kornbluth said at the annual greeting ceremony.

MIT President Sally Kornbluth formally welcomed the undergraduate Class of 2030 to campus on Sunday, noting that the Institute quickly “feels like home” to new students. 

The annual event, officially called the President’s Convocation for First-Years and Families, is held at the Johnson Ice Rink on campus on the weekend most new undergraduates arrive on campus. 

The Class of 2030 consists of more than 1,100 first-year undergraduates from all over the map, representing a broad variety of academic interests and backgrounds. Yet even for such a wide-ranging group, Kornbluth observed, “It is very, very common for new students to say that in coming to MIT, they have finally found their place. They have finally found their people. And it feels like home.”

Kornbluth’s remarks outlined some of the binding forces that connect students, through the shared culture of inquiry and discovery at MIT.

“I was struck right away by the wall-to-wall enthusiasm for fundamental science, what we like to think of as curiosity on a mission,” Kornbluth said. “Every day here, hundreds of people are pushing the boundaries of human knowledge.” 

This month alone, she noted, “astronomers here just discovered an entirely new type of astrophysical object, a black hole star. … And then, two days later, an MIT research team discovered that a drug that blocks a certain enzyme can reduce the risk of developing lung cancer.” 

Kornbluth added: “And that’s just a regular [occurrence] here. As you’ll see, the discoveries just keep on coming in everything, from climate science to computer science, nuclear science to neuroscience, from chemistry to quantum.” 

Secondly, Kornbluth said, people in the MIT community are frequently motivated by a desire to have an impact through their work.

“We’re also driven to make a positive difference in the world,” she told the audience of more than 2,000, which frequently applauded at key junctures. 

A third common feature of campus life, Kornbluth told the crowd, is the “spirit of entrepreneurship” on campus, generally defined as a propensity to take action. 

“Now, I don’t mean that everybody has to start a company, though a lot of people do,” Kornbluth said. “But at MIT, when we talk about entrepreneurship, we also mean the broad spirit of, do something, try something, with your whole heart … and let the doing teach you how to make a difference.” 

Kornbluth also made a series of remarks about AI, noting that MIT has “deep ties” to the development of the technology and that AI tools are expanding and accelerating work in many fields of research. 

That said, she added, “As educators, it is our challenge to derive AI’s benefits and counteract its harms.” And she called a recent report MIT has issued about AI and education “a powerful reminder that MIT was founded to help human beings develop their own powers of discovery, problem-solving, and invention. That is still and will always be our essential work. It is the experience you all came here for.”

All told, Kornbluth said, “We’re so glad and so grateful that you chose to bring your talent, your energy, your curiosity, and your creativity to MIT. And we’re thrilled to be starting this new year with all of you.” 

Kornbluth then introduced the audience to other campus administration leaders who were sitting onstage for her remarks: Provost Anantha Chandrakasan, Chancellor Melissa Nobles, and Vice Chancellor for Graduate and Undergraduate Education David L. Darmofal. 

Attendees also heard remarks from two faculty members who are also alumni, per convocation tradition. 

Anna Huang SM ’08, the Robert N. Noyce Career Development Professor in both the Music and Theater Arts program and the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, discussed her work as well as the student experience on campus. 

Huang studies human-computer interactions and develops human-AI collaborations in music making, and urged the students to follow their interests — which, in Huang’s case, are quite broad. She spent years working at Google and is also a composer herself.

“You’re going to discover so much here at MIT,” Huang said. “I discover something new every day.” 

She urged students to participate in campus activities and to pursue programs such as MISTI, the global experiences program at MIT that enables internships, study abroad, and more. Huang also emphasized that MIT is a collaborative, interdisciplinary place where students can thrive by working with others. 

“MIT is a very, very supportive environment,” Huang added. “And we value the perspective and the combinations of unique interests you bring.” 

Huang was followed at the podium by Desirée Plata PhD ’09, associate dean of engineering, School of Engineering Distinguished Climate and Energy Professor, and professor of civil and environmental engineering, who urged the students to cultivate an ethos of optimism about their studies and ability to improve the world. 

Plata’s wide-ranging work applies chemical engineering to climate issues — for instance, as she noted, by working to replicate methane-capture processes observed in nature onto new technologies that could be located in mines. Deploying such techniques to reduce the presence of greenhouse gases could help slow the worldwide rise of temperatures. 

“Modulating the warming rate of the planet is admittedly ambitious,” Plata said. “But it’s not impossible. At least not from a thermodynamic perspective. And that’s just the kind of problem we like to solve.” 

Plata also encouraged students to cultivate a feeling of open-minded optimism about their own pursuits.

“When I walk onto MIT’s campus each morning, I take a deep breath. I feel that same sense of possibility that I felt the [first] time I set foot here,” Plata said. “A high privilege of my life is being able to engage some of the most talented minds of our time. To engage all of you. To help develop your respective paths. And enjoy the amplifying impact you’re going to go on and have in this world.”

After Plata spoke, Kornbluth, who is from a musical family and enjoys singing, joined the campus a capella group The Chorallaries onstage for a spirited rendition of the songs “Arise All Ye of MIT” and “Take Me Back to Tech.” And with that, students filed out of the rink, ready to explore their new home. 

Study: Peptides can form well-defined structures in harsh, Venus-like conditions

New research offers support for the possibility that complex biological molecules could exist in the highly acidic environment of Venus’s cloud layer.

When exploring solar system bodies for signs of past or present life, scientists have mainly focused on planets that have (or had) a liquid surface similar to Earth’s. However, mounting evidence suggests that the ingredients for life may exist in a very different environment: the highly acidic clouds that blanket Venus.

Those clouds are made up of about 98 percent sulfuric acid, which scientists had believed to be too acidic for complex biological molecules to survive. But in a new study, MIT researchers have shown that short peptides can not only remain stable in these extremely acidic conditions, they can also fold into shapes that may allow them to have biological functions.

“If peptides find their way to that cloud layer of concentrated sulfuric acid, they will stay and be stably preserved in that cloud of droplets. And once these macromolecules have a defined three-dimensional structure, they can potentially have a function,” says Mei Hong, an MIT professor of chemistry and one of the senior authors of the new study.

The findings suggest that scientists should not rule out planets that don’t resemble Earth in their search for life, says Sara Seager, the Class of 1941 Professor of Planetary Sciences in the Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences and a professor in the departments of Physics and of Aeronautics and Astronautics.

“We really don’t know the full extent of what planet archetypes are out there. We’re seeking exoplanets that might be a true Earth twin, but what if they’re all Venuses? Our findings definitely open up a whole range of possibilities,” says Seager, another senior author of the study. She will be joining the University of Toronto faculty in September.

Janusz Petkowski, a research assistant professor at Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, is also a senior author of the paper, which appears this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Jia Yi Zhang, an MIT graduate student, is the paper’s lead author, and former MIT postdoc Aurelio Dregni is also an author. 

Surviving harsh conditions

While Venus’s surface is too hot to be hospitable to life, its cloud layer, which extends from 30 to 40 miles above the planet’s surface, features milder temperatures suitable for life. The clouds are made from droplets of sulfuric acid, which can dissolve metals and destroys most biological molecules on Earth.

Meteorites that contain peptide building blocks regularly enter Venus’s atmosphere, raising the possibility that those peptides could serve as building blocks for simple life forms — if they could survive the clouds’ corrosive environment.

In 2020, Seager’s lab began a series of studies looking at whether different types of biological molecules could persist under those highly acidic conditions. In their initial experiments, working with MIT’s Department of Chemistry Instrumentation Facility (DCIF), they used nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy — which measures the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei within molecules — to analyze the structures of a variety of molecules in a solution of nearly pure sulfuric acid. 

Those studies showed that nucleic acids, the building blocks of DNA, could remain intact under highly acidic conditions, as could lipids and amino acids. The next step was to figure out if peptides — short strings of amino acids — could persist, and more importantly, whether they could then fold into shapes that might give them biological functions.

For that challenging task, researchers at DCIF suggested that Seager join forces with Hong, an NMR expert who has an advanced 800-megahertz solution NMR spectrometer in her lab. 

To their surprise, the researchers found that the peptides they studied remained stable for many weeks. They believe this is a result of the lack of water in such highly acidic solutions. At 98 percent sulfuric acid, there are very few water molecules, which means that hydrolysis, the chemical reaction that breaks peptide bonds in acid, can’t happen.

“Without water, an acid that you would consider a harsh solvent suddenly is not as menacing as one might think,” Hong says.

After confirming that the peptides remained intact, the researchers began to explore their structures. One of the peptides that the researchers analyzed, a molecule known as HHQ, is a synthetic seven-amino-acid peptide that Hong had previously studied for its role in forming catalytic amyloid fibrils. 

In water, this peptide forms flat beta sheets that eventually form long fibrils. However, in concentrated sulfuric acid, the researchers found that it takes on an entirely different shape — a loop shaped like the Greek letter omega. Such so-called omega loops are occasionally found in some naturally occurring proteins, where they form links between other structural motifs such as sheets or helices.

The other two peptides that the researchers analyzed were a longer variation of HHQ, called HHQ13, and a completely different peptide called K7, which contains seven amino acids. These peptides also formed omega loops in sulfuric acid.

The researchers believe that molecules of sulfuric acid act as a scaffold for the loops, sliding into the center of each loop and holding it in that shape. 

“What hadn’t been known is that peptides can survive so well and have specific three-dimensional shapes in an acidic environment,” Hong says.

Structure and function

In naturally occurring proteins in aqueous solution, omega loops are thought to play a role in protein folding and molecular recognition. Whether they could have other biological functions is not known. However, the fact that peptides can form well-defined, folded structures in acidic environments is an important step in showing that peptides may be able to perform biological functions in such environments.

“Life needs to have specially shaped proteins so that they have a specific target they can latch onto and perform their function. Before this, people thought that peptides couldn’t survive in sulfuric acid, so showing peptides are not only stable, but also fold, is a really big deal,” says Seager, who is leading the Morning Star Missions to Venus.

Adriaan Bax, chief of the Section on Biophysical NMR at the Laboratory of Chemical Physics at the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, described the results as “important and unexpected.”

“The observation that these peptides retain a substantial degree of conformational order in concentrated sulfuric acid raises the prospect that folded oligopeptide/protein structures can exist in such environments, potentially supporting the possibility of life in atmospheric conditions that are very different from Earth,” says Bax, who was not involved in the research.

Seager now hopes to pursue additional studies of a molecule called peptide nucleic acid (PNA) — an artificially synthesized molecule that is similar to DNA but with the sugar-phosphate backbone replaced by a peptide backbone. Her lab has previously shown that this molecule, which doesn’t naturally exist on Earth but could offer a potential alternative to DNA, is stable as a single strand in highly acidic environments. She now hopes to study the stability of double-stranded PNA.

The researchers also hope to analyze longer peptides to see if they also take on omega loop shapes, or other structures, in highly concentrated sulfuric acid.

The research was funded by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the NOMIS Foundation, and the National Institutes of Health. 

How an MIT research project became a global programming language

With millions of users across the world, Julia has been used to conduct cutting-edge research and to design new drugs, jet engines, heat pumps, and more.

It all started with some exasperated emails. Back in 2009, a group of researchers began venting their frustration with the programming languages designed to help scientists and other researchers perform complex mathematical operations and statistical simulations without learning how to code. These programming languages were rigid and slow. If scientists built something that really worked, they’d need to rewrite the entire program in another language just to run it more quickly.

The emails turned into a research project at MIT with the mission of building an easy-to-use, high-performance programming language called Julia, which is designed for scientific research, data analysis, and modeling complex systems such as jet engines, drugs, financial markets, and robots, to name a few examples.

That research project turned into a lab at MIT, and the lab turned into the company JuliaHub. Along the way, Julia gained a loyal following among scientists, engineers, mathematicians, and others. Today, the free and open-source language counts more than 1 million users, including people working in thousands of companies and universities around the world.

It is only a slight exaggeration to say Julia has been used to model everything under the sun, from the behavior of tiny atoms to semiconductors, neural networks, race cars, and airplanes. It has also been used to study much beyond the sun, with astronomers using Julia for imaging black holes.

Julia’s secret sauce is in the way it compiles code depending on the type of data being used. Such “just-in-time compilation” makes Julia faster and more flexible than other numerical programming languages.

“Scientists and engineers are not programmers. Building scientific applications with multidisciplinary teams of scientists, engineers, and programmers is challenging,” JuliaHub co-founder and CEO Viral Shah says. “We asked: What if you could equip the scientists and engineers with a programming language that allowed them to express their ideas at a high level and also get great software performance?”

Making programming easy for non-programmers has been a north star for JuliaHub’s founders, who include Julia co-creators Shah, MIT professor of mathematics Alan Edelman, Jeff Bezanson SM ’12, PhD ’15, and former MIT research scientist Stefan Karpinski.

In April, JuliaHub’s team took another big step in that direction with the launch of Dyad 3.0, the latest version of its AI platform to help engineering teams accelerate the development of complex physical systems like rockets, heat pumps, and satellites. Engineers are already using Dyad to direct autonomous AI agents as they work through physics simulations, safety analyses, quality controls, and more.

“With Dyad 3.0, you can upload data and design documents and the system will design an entire aircraft for you,” Shah says. “Working with customers like Boeing, we are building agentic hardware design capabilities for engineers. Simplistically, you want to say, ‘Okay computer, build me a plane’; upload the design documents; and have the system account for all the physics, compile all the code, verify everything, and build the entire design agentically.”

Humble beginnings

After discussing the need for better programming languages for scientists and other researchers, Julia’s co-creators started the Julia Lab around 2009. The Julia Lab remains active in MIT’s Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory.

The core idea was to create a high-performance platform that would excel at engineering, scientific, and mathematics applications. Shah says before Julia, scientists and engineers would either have to hire someone to build software for them or accept the slow performance of the few programming languages designed for them.

“We wanted to create something as easy to use as Python or MATLAB but as fast as the C programming language,” Shah says. “We built Julia for ourselves.”

Edelman says at first, the researchers didn’t think anyone would want their creation.

“We figured it would take 10 years before anyone was interested, but we said, ‘Patience is a virtue, so let’s do it,’” Edelman recalls.

The MIT researchers announced Julia with a blog post in 2012. They quickly realized many other researchers shared their frustration.

“When we first started, we were targeting interactive research workflows, but increasingly people are using it for everything,” Bezanson says. “Now we’re moving the whole stack of the language onto smaller, embedded devices as we evolve with our users.”

Since those early days, Edelman has taught a class on Julia with students from nearly every department at MIT. Today, he often learns students are already using Julia when they enroll in the class for applications as wide ranging as robotics, astronomy, physics simulations, and finance.

“Researchers come up to me and say, ‘I tell my supervisor I’m using Julia because it’s fast, but don’t tell them I’m using Julia because it’s really fun,’” Edelman says. “The key thing is Julia’s abstractions. A lot of times a coding language forces you to solve the one problem you’re thinking about. Julia’s language makes it so you’re solving not only the problem you’re thinking about, but other people’s problems around the world too. It encourages you to solve problems more generally.”

As Julia gained popularity, researchers around the world started asking the Julia team for support. By 2015, the demand became strong enough that they decided to start JuliaHub and help users through the company full-time. They received support from the MIT Deshpande Center for Technological Innovation and others at MIT to get the company off the ground.

JuliaHub’s work has evolved from simply helping users to advancing the language more generally. That’s powered an impressive list of creations from Julia’s loyal users. Julia has been used to simulate computer circuits, detect health disparities, model global climates and oceans, analyze brain activity, and more. 

After someone built a pharmaceutical modeling platform in Julia, it was used to accelerate development of Moderna’s Covid-19 vaccine. In another case, researchers used Julia to create a program for avoiding aircraft collisions. They found it ran about 50 times faster than an earlier version built on Python. Engineers at Meta used Julia to develop a better audio codec for WhatsApp’s 4 billion users.

“Over the years we’ve seen industrial, government, and academic users doing all kinds of interesting things with the Julia language,” Edelman says. “It’s honestly surprised us in many ways, the wide-ranging things people are using it for.”

Autonomous design

JuliaHub launched Dyad 1.0 in June of 2025 as a research agent to accelerate programming and Dyad 2.0 in December. The founders believe Dyad 3.0 represents a new level of ability and autonomy for designing complex systems.

“One important thing about Dyad is that it is a physics compiler and hence enforces physical laws,” Shah explains. “General AI systems often solve physical problems in ways that violate physical laws. When using the Dyad agent, it will detect such violations and guide the agent in the direction of the physically correct solution. We expect it will decrease design times in product engineering by orders of magnitude, leading to months of work being accomplished in hours.”

One way Edelman sees the impact of Julia is through his class. One student recently used Dyad to model how robots move around in space. Another used it to build a rocket engine.

“At the end he said, ‘I couldn’t believe how easy that was — I just got a rocket engine!’” Edelman recalls.

Archived: Building 18 Updates

From Thursday, August 27^th through Sunday, August 30^th, MIT Emergency Management posted the following messages on emergency.mit.net regarding an incident at Building 18. As that resource is intended for active issues, these updates, which reflect MIT’s public information on this topic, are archived below. 

Building 18 to reopen at 6 a.m. Monday
Aug. 30, 2026, 10:16 p.m.

Appropriate decontamination protocols have now been completed in the lab space of the student who reported attempting the synthesis of dimethyl mercury. Given the actions we have taken and the information received, as well as consultations with industrial hygienists, medical experts at MIT Health, and outside experts, it is our assessment that it is now safe to reopen Building 18. The building will reopen at 6 a.m. tomorrow, Monday, August 31.

Decontamination of the sealed suite in the impacted residence hall has also been successfully completed. The residence hall, which was never closed, remains open. For a campus map, visit https://whereis.mit.edu.

Building 18 - update— Aug. 29, 2026, 3:36 p.m.

Offices across campus have been responding to a reported hazardous material incident involving a single individual in a chemistry laboratory. The Institute became aware of the matter after the individual, a graduate student, self-reported to a local emergency room and claimed to have synthesized dimethyl mercury, a compound that is not authorized as part of their research program. Emerging information calls into question whether this compound was in fact synthesized. We are also able to disclose, with the student’s permission, that while the student remains under medical supervision, their initial blood test result, which was received today, shows no sign of exposure to mercury.

Building 18 remains closed at least through Sunday as specialized decontamination efforts continue out of an abundance of caution. This work will continue, and the building will remain closed until the work is complete.

Also out of an abundance of caution, high-touch surfaces in the common areas of the individual’s residence hall were professionally cleaned under the supervision of MIT Environmental Health and Safety (EHS), and decontamination of the resident’s sealed unit is ongoing, as has been shared with residents of the building. The residence remains open and in normal operation, and no restrictions have been placed on the building.

With a focus on public health, decontamination efforts have been ongoing and baseline testing was offered to individuals who were in proximity to the student and their work environment on Wednesday, August 26. As the chemistry department, industrial hygienists, MIT Health medical experts, and other resources consulted collect additional information, we continue to believe there is a very low risk of secondary or tertiary exposures. At this time testing is not recommended by MIT Health officials for any members of the community who did not enter the individual’s lab space on Wednesday.

We continue to gather information about this situation and will update this page if we have more to share. For a campus map, visit https://whereis.mit.edu

Building 18 - update— Aug. 28, 2026, 11:21 a.m.

Building 18 remains closed today as specialized decontamination efforts continue out of an abundance of caution. This work will continue throughout the day, and the building will remain closed until the work is complete.

It remains the case that, based on the information available, this was a localized issue with only one student directly exposed, and this student was the individual working with the compound. Their reported use of the material was unauthorized.

As has been shared with those who work in the building, based on the information available to the department, industrial hygienists, MIT Health medical experts, and other resources consulted, the risk of secondary or tertiary exposures is low, given the compound's characteristics and the information available. For a campus map, visit https://whereis.mit.edu

Building 18 closed— Aug. 27, 2026, 1 p.m.

Out of an abundance of caution, Building 18 is closed for the day following notice of an individual exposed to a hazardous material in a second floor laboratory. City emergency responders were on scene overnight, and cleanup is underway. Building occupants will be notified when the building reopens.

An investigation into the incident is ongoing.

Focused outreach is underway for those who access the impacted laboratory. Support resources are available for members of the MIT community. A comprehensive list of student support resources is accessible at https://doingwell.mit.edu/support/. MyLife Services is among the resources available to all others on campus, with more information at https://health.mit.edu/mit-mit/employees/employee-support-programs.

This page will be updated when the building reopens. For a campus map, visit https://whereis.mit.edu

Gage Coon: An Earth scientist exploring the power of microbes

The PhD student’s research on how microorganisms digest compounds in their environment could enable advances in wastewater treatment.

Growing up in Waverly, Tennessee, Gage Coon spent much of his childhood outside. His family had everything from chickens to horses and even an emu named Big Bird. Coon and his cousins would explore the woods surrounding their home, and his father, a mechanic, taught him how to build and repair things around the house. His mother, a secretary at the local high school’s vocational school who loves gardening and birdwatching, encouraged him to experience as much of the world around him as he could.

That hands-on upbringing, which taught Coon to appreciate the natural world and the processes that sustain it, continues to influence how he approaches science today.

Now entering his third year as a PhD student in MIT’s Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Coon studies some of the smallest organisms on Earth: microbes. His research focuses on how microorganisms cycle carbon and sulfur through the environment and how to leverage those processes to help address climate change. Though he studies organisms too small to see with the naked eye, the experimental nature of his work — whether in the lab or on a research vessel in the open ocean — is especially satisfying.

“I think I enjoy that physicality of seeing what I’m working with, seeing its change, and being able to touch it,” Coon says.

Coon did not initially set out to study microbiology. His interest in science began with chemistry. A high school chemistry teacher and a summer program introduced him to the subject. But later, at the University of Tennessee at Knoxville, he joined a lab focused on microbial biogeochemistry and was delighted to find a field that brought together the different areas that interested him: chemistry, the environment, and the larger climate processes shaping our Earth.

The transition from rural Tennessee to Cambridge, Massachusetts, and MIT has been a significant one. As a first-generation student, he did not learn about PhD programs until several years into college.

Once he discovered academic research, however, Coon was drawn to the possibility of spending his career learning.

“I discovered this world of academia, and so I was really excited when I learned about it,” he says. “I was like, ‘Oh my god, constant learning. That is exactly what I want to do forever.’”

Coon began studying the microbes that drive carbon and sulfur cycling in marine sediments as an undergraduate, eventually joining research cruises to investigate these processes firsthand.

His first research cruise, in 2022 after his second year of college, took him to the Atlantic continental slope to study methane seeps and how microbes prevent this methane from escaping to our atmosphere. For Coon, experiencing the ocean up close changed the way he understood the microscopic organisms he was studying.

“It is very powerful seeing yourself in the middle of the ocean, with a whole other world of complex life beneath you,” he says.

At MIT, working with his advisor Tanja Bosak, a professor of geobiology, Coon has continued studying microbial carbon and sulfur cycling, but with a greater emphasis on the applications. One of his major projects explores how microbes could be used to reduce methane emissions from wastewater treatment.

When wastewater is treated, microbes break down organic material in large tanks called anaerobic digesters. One of the final products of this process is the powerful greenhouse gas methane. However, Coon and his colleagues found a way to change what the microbes produce by adding gypsum, a waste product that is created from fertilizer manufacturing

The system uses the added gypsum to turn the methane into carbonate, which can be used to make cement, agriculture, and pharmaceuticals. The process also produces elemental sulfur, necessary for global fertilizer production, which is currently sources from oil and gas refinement. The approach effectively turns two waste products, sewage and waste gypsum, into useful materials while reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

For Coon, the possibility of creating a system that is both environmentally beneficial and economically useful is central to the project. Now that the laboratory experiments have ended, the researchers are looking toward conducting pilot-scale testing. Coon and his advisors have been communicating with companies interested in adapting the system to larger facilities, and hope the technology can eventually move beyond the laboratory.

“If enough small places start doing their pilot-scale studies, then hopefully you could convince some place like Boston or another big city to do this and really make a contribution to our global goal to decrease emissions on the gigaton scale,” he says.

The wastewater project is only one part of Coon’s PhD research. He also studies geological processes that could produce molecular hydrogen, a potential carbon-free energy source. His work examines how iron-rich rocks break down and generate hydrogen underground. He is continuing his thesis work by focusing on microbial competition for acetate, and what this means for global methane emissions from coastal wetlands. This work could improve future climate predictions and support engineered mitigation efforts to decrease emissions from these wetlands. 

Across these projects, Coon is interested in the connection between the microscopic and the massive. But Coon’s PhD has also given him an opportunity to think about science beyond his own research.

One of the parts of graduate school he has enjoyed most is mentoring younger researchers. He has worked with a handful of students through MIT’s Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program and from Tufts University, teaching them laboratory techniques and experimental geobiology.

Outside the lab, Coon maintains some of the same connection to the natural world that characterized his childhood in Tennessee. He spends time hiking to explore local geology, playing bluegrass guitar, and speed-solving Rubik’s Cubes. 

Looking ahead, Coon sees himself continuing in academia, working in government, or helping to bring environmental technologies into practice.

What matters most, he says, is continuing to produce knowledge that can help people understand and potentially improve the world around them.

“I do think, no matter what,” he says, “I’ll be somewhere thinking about how microscopic life connects to the global ecosystem and carbon emissions.”

MIT engineers create a system for building shape-changing smart devices

Dubbed “bifur-circuits,” these interactive building blocks could be used to develop reconfigurable robotic grippers or customized assistive devices.

A new set of modular components allows users to create reconfigurable smart devices with electrical connections that keep working no matter which shape the structure forms.

This electrical modularity can enable engineers to design interactive devices that can sense which shape they have taken, without the need for external wires. For instance, the modular components, which the researchers call “bifur-circuits,” could be used to rapidly design and prototype adaptable smart devices, like assistive furniture that helps individuals change body positions while recovering from injuries or reconfigurable robotic grippers that remain electrically connected when they change shapes for different applications. 

Developed by MIT researchers, these 3D-printed building blocks, which are a type of structure known as a mechanical metamaterial, can be combined to form many more possible configurations than traditional metamaterial structures. 

In a study presenting the new system, the researchers demonstrated several interactive objects, including a chair that converts to a table with storage and can also flatten for stowing. The structure senses its configuration and sends corresponding messages to an electronic display. 

These new metamaterials could also be used to design antennas for communications and sensing that form new shapes to adjust their frequencies in changing environmental conditions, without bulky mechanical parts. 

“Metamaterials can make complex mechanical assemblies easy to manufacture just by using repeating units. Our work expands on this design space. If we think of mechanical metamaterials as building blocks, then our work is one way to take advantage of their geometry to embed intrinsic intelligence into hardware, which could open many possibilities,” says Marwa AlAlawi, a mechanical engineering graduate student and lead author of a paper on the devices.

AlAlawi is joined on the paper by co-senior authors Ticha Sethapakdi, an electrical engineering and computer science (EECS) graduate student at MIT; and Stefanie Mueller, an associate professor in MIT’s departments of EECS and Mechanical Engineering and leader of the Human-Computer Interaction Group at the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Lab (CSAIL). Their co-authors include others at MIT, the University of Tokyo, and the University of Michigan. The research will be presented at the ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology.

Shape-changing interactive structures

Mechanical metamaterials are programmable, three-dimensional structures of repeating units that can form complex shapes due to their geometries. When squeezed, pushed, or pulled, metamaterials can bend or twist in precise ways. 

For instance, “auxetic” metamaterials get wider when stretched, instead of narrowing.

In prior work, the MIT researchers used auxetic metamaterials to build reconfigurable antennas that formed three shapes depending on how the structure was stretched. This allowed the antenna to dynamically adjust its frequency range without complex, moving parts.

Next, the team wanted to expand the number of antenna configurations but were limited because the auxetic metamaterials could only form three fixed states.

In this work they created “bifur-circuits,” which are auxetic metamaterials that can form many more shapes based on how the modular units are connected and rotated. 

The units are also designed to be electrically modular. Due to the way conductive material is integrated into the bifur-circuits, electrical connections throughout the structure are maintained no matter how the object is rotated, pressed, or twisted to form new shapes. 

To create interactive objects with many possible configurations, bifur-circuits leverage a property known as mechanical bifurcation. 

Mechanical bifurcation is a sudden change in how a mechanism behaves when a force exerted on it passes a tipping point. For instance, when you gently bend the ends of a plastic ruler, once that force reaches a critical threshold, the ruler buckles.

In bifur-circuits, this bifurcation occurs when connected blocks are rotated in certain ways around a pivot point. The property allows connected blocks to form more stable configurations than one block could on its own.

Adding more bifur-circuits to a structure exponentially increases the number of potential configurations.

“Bifurcation allow us to significantly expand on this reconfigurability space. Just adding one extra unit gives us so many more combinations out of the same structure,” says AlAlawi.

Connecting and rotating components activates a unique circuit between adjacent units. This interactivity allows the units to communicate with one another, enabling the structure to sense its configuration.   

One of the biggest challenges the researchers faced was incorporating a conductive material that was flexible enough to bend, but still offered enough efficiency in the flow of electricity.

“The conductive material was a constraint we had to work around in the design process, and it dictated how the sensing between blocks would happen,” AlAlawi says.

Once they perfected the design, the researchers tested the durability of reconfigurable structures by compressing them more than 10,000 times. The structures showed no degradation in electrical connectivity.

The researchers also developed a user-friendly construction and simulation tool to simplify the bifur-circuit design process. The software generates instructions for a multimaterial 3D printer, which can fabricate the reconfigurable objects in one pass.

They demonstrated the versatility of bifur-circuits by fabricating a chair that can sense its geometry when its shape is changed to a tea table, as well as a shape-shifting controller that will launch one of several video games based on its configuration.

Bifur-circuits could someday be used in applications like interactive rehabilitation tools, shape-changing grippers for modular soft robots, or reconfigurable shelters that could respond to changing environmental conditions after a natural disaster.

In the future, the researchers want to explore more applications for bifur-circuits. They also want to add more interactivity into the structures and investigate additional metamaterial shapes.

“Bifur-circuits are one step toward developing mechanical building blocks with integrated intelligence. It would be interesting to build on this work and come up with building blocks that allow us to create a structure with any form or shape we want, and which are structurally stable and can be actuated,” AlAlawi says. 

This work was funded, in part, by Japan’s Science and Technology Agency and the Bahrain Crown Prince International Scholarship Program.